Fluid

Question 1

Isotonic

Answer 1

cells placed in an isotonic solution have the same effect on osmolality as the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment

neither shrink nor swell

Question 2

Hypertonic

Answer 2

Cells placed in a hypertonic solution, which has a greater osmolality than the ICF

shrink as water is pulled out of the cell

Question 3

Hypotonic

Answer 3

cells placed in a hypotonic solution, which has a lower osmolality than the ICF

swell as water moves into the cell.

Question 4

Fluid Distribution

Answer 4

ICF and ECF

Question 5

Osmolality

Answer 5

275-295 mOsm/kg

Question 6

Tonicity

Answer 6

Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

Question 7

Fluid Volume Deficit

Answer 7

a decrease in the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) compartment, including the circulating blood volume.

results when water and electrolytes are lost in isotonic proportions

is almost always caused by loss of body fluids and is often accompanied by a decrease in fluid intake

Decrease in ECF volume, Decrease in body weight

Question 8

Fluid Volume Overload

Answer 8

expansion of the ECF compartment with increases in both interstitial and vascular volumes

usually results from an increase in total body sodium that is accompanied by a proportionate increase in body water

caused by a decrease in sodium and water elimination by kidneys.

Question 9

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 9

(vasopressin)

one of the regulating mechanisms of the body’s water level, controls output and reabsorption of water by the kidney

Question 10

Aldosterone

Answer 10

regulating potassium elimination in the distal tubule of the kidney

Question 11

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 11

sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) function in the regulation of sodium balance by the kidneys and also regulates renal reabsorption of sodium and renin release

Question 12

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Answer 12

exerts its action through angiotensin II and aldosterone

angiotensin II acts directly on the renal tubules to increase sodium reabsorption

acts to constrict renal blood vessels, thereby decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and slowing renal blood flow so that less sodium is filtered and more is absorbed

Question 13

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Answer 13

results from a failure of the negative feedback system that regulates the release and inhibition of ADH

ADH secretion continues even when serum osmolality is decreased, causing water retention and dilution hyponatremia

can occur as an acute transient condition or as a chronic condition

Question 14

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 14

caused by a deficiency of ADH or a decreased renal response to ADH

unable to concentrate urine during periods of water retention, excrete large amount of urine followed by excessive thirst

dangerous when condition develops in someone who cannot communicate their need for water

can lead to increased serum osmolality and hypertonic dehydration

Question 15

Edema

Answer 15

Physiologic mechanisms that contribute to edema formation include factors that

1. increase the capillary filtration pressure
2. decrease the capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
3. increase capillary permeability
4. produce obstruction to lymph flow

Question 16

Decreased Capillary Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Answer 16

plasma proteins exert the osmotic force needed to pull fluid back into the capillary from the tissue spaces

edema through this cause is the result of inadequate production or excessive loss of plasma proteins (albumin)

increase in capillary pores enlarging (protein leak interstitially

allergic reactions, inflammation, burns

Question 17

Increased Capillary Filtration Pressure

Answer 17

the result of increased vascular volume

commonly seen in conditions like congestive heart failure that produce fluid retention and venous congestion

does not become evident until the interstitial volume has been increased by 2.5-3 L

increased arterial pressure

dependent edema; standing for long durations

increased resistance to outflow (venous obstruction)

Capillary distension (increased vascular volume)