FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND SEEDS Flashcards
This is caused by inhalation of the pollen grains of certain wind pollinated plants, that is, plants that rely on wind to transfer their pollen grains from one flower to another.
Hay Fever / Allergic Rhinitis
When inhaled, the pollen grains stimulate the body to release
________ and other substances, which cause inflammation and other symptoms of allergy.
histamine
__________ must produce vast amounts of tiny pollen
grains to ensure that at least some of them will land on flowers of the same species and result in successful reproduction.
Wind-pollinated plants
Not all pollen grains of wind-pollinated plants cause allergic reactions, however. ______, for example, are wind pollinated, yet allergies to their pollen are rare.
Pine
Antibodies are released to combat the misidentified “threat” of pollens. These antibodies produced bind to two types of cells in tissue which are the ______ and _______.
Mast cells, basophils
antihistamines for hay fever
Cetirizine and Loratadine
It is commonly used in eye drop solutions that prevents hay fever symptoms by stabilizing mast cells, and preventing them from releasing histamine
Sodium cromoglycate
It prevents the inflammatory symptoms of hay fever more effectively than antihistamines, and at the same time relieve itchy eyes. They act to reduce rather than directly blocking or preventing the action of histamine
Corticosteroids
An example of a corticosteroid
Beclometasone
The biological function of flowers, however, is _________
sexual reproduction
One reason for the success of flowering plants or angiosperms
they reproduce both sexually and asexually
Sexual reproduction entails the FUSION of reproductive cells,
collectively called ________.
gametes
The union of gametes, which is called _________, occurs within the flower’s ______.
fertilization, ovary
does not involve the formation of flowers,
seeds and fruits.
Asexual reproduction
It is a reproductive shoot usually consisting of four kinds of organs
Flower
Four kinds of organs of a flower
sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
the end of a flower stalk is also called as
peduncle
cluster of flowers is known as
inflorescence
organs of a flower that participate directly in sexual reproduction
stamens and carpels
organs of a flower that are sterile.
sepals and petals
types of flowers
complete flower, incomplete flower, perfect flower, imperfect flower
a flower that has all four parts (sepals, petals,
stamens and carpels)
complete
a flower that lacks one or more of the four parts
incomplete
a flower that has both stamens and carpels
perfect
a flower that has either stamens or carpels, not both
imperfect
types of inflorescences with example
head (sunflower)
umbel (water pennyworth)
raceme (fireweed)
spike (elephant heads)
panicle (false spikenard)
corymb (common tansy)
It constitutes the outermost and lowest whorl on a floral shoot, are leaflike in shape and form and are often green.
sepals
Cover and protect the flower parts when the flower is a bud.
sepals
is the collective term for all the sepals of a flower.
calyx
are whorls just inside and above the sepals which are broad, flat and thin, like sepals and leaves but tremendously varied in shape and frequently brightly colored, which attracts pollinators.
petals
is the collective term for all petals
corolla
Play an important role in ensuring that sexual reproduction occur.
petals
are inside and above the petals
stamens
is thin stalk found in the stamen
filament
are found on top of the filament
anther
are saclike structure
pollen grains
in the center or top of most flowers that
bear ovules
carpels
Carpels consist of three sections
Stigma, style, and ovary
is where pollen grains land
stigma
is a necklike structure through which the pollen tube grows
style
is a jug like structure that contains one or more ovules and can be develop into a fruit
ovary
a single carpel or a group of fused carpels
pistil
single carpel is called ________
simple pistil
group of fused carpels is called
compound pistil
This character is used a great deal in the classification of flowering plants.
ovary
It has the other floral organs like sepals, petals and stamens, free from the ovary and attached at the ovary’s base
superior ovary
is located below the point at which the other floral organs are attached
inferior ovary
are structures of ovaries that have the potential to develop into seeds
ovules
Each ovule contains a female gametophyte, also known as an _________, in which develop one female gamete (egg) and two polar nuclei
embryo sac
It is an agent of pollination for certain flowers
wind
transfers pollen grains in a few aquatic flowers
water
occurs when pollen grains are transferred to a
flower on another individual of the same species
cross pollination
if pollination occurs within the same flower or within a different flower on the same individual plant
self-pollination
This is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma
pollination
is generally undesirable because it can increase the concentration of harmful genes in the offspring
inbreeding
________________ which is more common in wild species than in cultivated plants, ensures that reproduction occurs only if the pollen grains come from a genetically different individual.
self-incompatibility
_________ describes such reciprocal adaptation, in which two species interact so closely that they become increasingly adapted to each other as each undergoes evolutionary change by natural selection.
coevolution
