CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS Flashcards
It is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
Taxonomy
The term ________ means arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities.
Classification
A Greek philosopher and biologist who lived during the 3rd Century BCE, classified several hundred plants into such groups as herbs, shrubs and trees.
Theophrastus
_______, a Greek philosopher and biologist who lived
during the 3rd century BCE, classified several hundred plants
into such groups as ______, ______, and _______.
Theophrastus; herbs, shrubs, trees
was a Roman military surgeon in the 1st century CE who traveled with the Roman army
Dioscorides
Dioscorides wrote the ______________, a book that described some _____ species of medicinal plants.
Materia Medica; 600
The Materia Medica was widely used as a medical reference for about _____ years until the end of the __________.
1500; middle ages
When was the printing press with movable metal type invented?
1448
early botanical works known as _________ were printed
herbals
what centuries did European explorers introduced hundreds of new plants from other continents to Europe.
16th and 17th centuries
When was the classification system designed?
mid-18th century
A Swedish botanist who designed the classification system.
Carolus Linnaeus
In _______, which was published in by Linnaeus described all the plants known in his time, some ______ species and provided each with binomial name.
Species Plantarum; 7300 species
Linnaeus based his system of classification in ______, on visual observations of flower parts.
Species Plantarum
Linnaeus noted that all flowers of the same kind of plant contain the same number of ______.
Stamens
Prior to Linnaeus, scholars used ______ sentences up to _____ words long to describe each type of plant.
Latin; 12
Found in meadows and along roadsides and the edges of woods and are also popular garden plants.
Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana)
Linnaeus’ most significant contribution to biology is
Binomial nomenclature
A system of naming organisms based on a unique two-part name for each.
Binomial nomenclature
The first part of the name designates the _______, and the addition of the second part, the specific epithet, designates the _______.
genus; species
The ___________ is usually a word that describes some particular quality of the organism.
Specific epithet
The ______(_____)_ name can be used alone to designate all species in the genus, but the __________ is never used alone; it is always preceded by the full or abbreviated
generic name.
generic (genus), specific epithet
Both names (scientific name) must be ______ and _______.
underlined, italicized
Scientific name of corn
Zea mays
Scientific name for the white oak
Quercus alba
Scientific name for the European white water lily
Nymphaea alba
Scientific name for the white willow
Salix alba
Scientific names are generally composed from ______ or ______ roots or from ________ versions of the names of persons, places or characteristics.
Greek, Latin, Latinized
Scientific name for ivy
Hedera canariensis
Scientific name for Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
In some parts of the United States, Sugar maple is also called ________ or _________.
Hard maple or Rock maple
Scientific name of four-o’clock
Mirabilis jalapa
Four-o’clock (Mirabilis jalapa) is also called _________ or __________.
marvel-of-peru, beauty-of-the-night
Complete scientific name for the Spiderwort
Tradescantia virginiana Linnaeus
Latin name for “maple”
Acer
a Moravian Jesuit who studied Asian plants
George Kamel
Genus that is derived from George Kamel
Camellia
From the Greek word kapto, meaning “to bite” (refers to the hot taste)
Capsicum
Perhaps for Felipe Gil, an 18th-century Spanish botanist
Gilia
Latin name for “ivy”
Hedera
Greek name for “mallow”
Hibiscus
From the Greek words for “membrane” and “beauty”, in reference to the stamens, which are
joined by a membrane
Hymenocallis
From the Latin word for “wonderful”
Mirabilis
After Nymphe, a water nymph
Nymphaea
Latin name for “pitch”, a resin produced by spruce
Picea
Pyrus
From the Latin word for “pear”
Latin name for “oak”
Quercus
Latin name for “willow”
Salix
English gardener and botanist
John Tradescant
derived from John Tradescant
Tradescantia
From zingiberi, named by Dioscorides from an Indian word
Zingiber
is the basic unit of classification but not the smallest taxonomic group in use.
species
If they can interbreed, however, they are not truly separate species but are known as ________.
subspecies
Plants that are produced using techniques such as selective
breeding are called ________.
cultivars
Another term for selective breeding
artificial selection
The term cultivar is an abbreviated form of
cultivated variety
A cultivar is produced while under ________, whereas a
subspecies is a geographically distinct population that evolves
by _________.
cultivation, natural selection
Two cultivars of peaches, which is a nectarine
Prunus persica cv. Rosea and Prunus persica cv. Early Flame
(TAXONOMIC LEVEL) Classification is _________; the narrowest category in the Linnaean system is the _______, and the broadest is the ________.
hierarchical, species, kingdom
Closely related species are grouped in the next higher level of
classification, the _______
genus pl. genera
TAXONOMIC LEVEL (HIGHEST TO LOWEST)
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Most taxonomists identify organisms primarily on the basis of ________ features.
structural
taxonomists have developed special guides known as _________ to aid in the identification of unknown plants.
dichotomous key
A dichotomous key consists of a series of two _____ statements made about plant
contrasting
is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their
natural evolutionary relationships.
Systematics
A ______ seeks to construct the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of organisms.
systematist
If all the plants within a taxonomic group share the same common ancestor, the group is referred to as _______
monophyletic (one branch)
_______________ are natural groupings, as they represent true evolutionary relationships, and they include all close relatives
Monophyletic groups
Many groups are _________, consisting of several evolutionary lines and not including a common ancestor.
Polyphyletic
From the time of Aristotle to the mid-19th century, biologist divided the living world into two kingdoms, ______ and _______.
plants, animals
With the development of __________, it became increasingly obvious that many organisms could not easily be assigned to either the plant or the animal kingdom.
microscopes
Unicellular organism _______, which has been classified at various times in the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom, carries on photosynthesis in the light but in the dark uses its flagellum to move about in search of food.
Euglena
A German biologist, ___________ , suggested that a third kingdom be established.
Ernst Haeckel
Third kingdom established
kingdom Protista
Simple and ambiguous organisms, such as ______ and most
__________, including Euglena, were classified in the kingdom Protista
bacteria, microorganisms
Today, many biologists place ______, including multicellular forms, ________, _________ and _________ in kingdom Protista
algae, protozoa, water molds, slime molds
Protists are a diverse group of mainly _________, mainly _______.
unicellular, aquatic organisms
example of organisms under the kingdom Protista
Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
In the 1930s, a French biologist suggested the term _______ (“_____ nucleus”) to describe bacteria, and the term eucatiotique (“____ nucleus”) to describe all other cells.
procariotique (before), eucatiotique (true)
the French biologist that suggested the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Édouard Chatton
In the year _____, advances in electron microscopy and biochemical techniques revealed basic cellular differences that inspired many new proposals for classifying organisms.
1960s
In 1969, he ______________ proposed a five-kingdom classification.
R.H. Whittaker
the proposed five-kingdom classification based mainly on cell structure and the ways that organisms obtain nutrition from their environment.
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
___________ was established to accommodate the bacteria,
which are fundamentally different from all other organisms in that they are prokaryotic and lack distinct nuclei and other membranous organelles
Kingdom Monera
fungi (such as mushrooms, molds and
yeasts) are classified as a separate kingdom known as __________
Kingdom Fungi
fungi are not part of the plant kingdom because fungi are
___________ and obtain energy by _________ nutrients.
non photosynthetic, absorbing
Fungi also differ from plants in the composition of their _________, in __________, and in ____________.
cell walls, body structure, reproduction
DNA studies by __________ and other beginning in the late _________ revealed that there are two groups of prokaryotes.
Carl Woese, 1970s
two groups of prokaryotes, the more familiar _________ and
the distinctive _________, each merit their own kingdom.
Bacteria, Archaea
The current six-kingdom scheme
Bacteria (most prokaryotes); Archaea (some prokaryotes found in extreme environments); Protista (algae, protozoa, water molds, and slime molds); Plantae (plants); Fungi (mushrooms and other fungi); and Animalia (animals).
Most biologist also use a level of classification above the kingdom, called _____, based on fundamental molecular differences among the bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.
domain
Domain is based on fundamental molecular differences among the _________, __________ and __________.
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
Biologist have inferred that the three domains are the three main branches of the tree of life.
bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
Domain Archaea is apparently more closely related to the domain ________ than it is to the domain ________.
Eukarya, Bacteria
Common ancestor of all living organisms
Domain Eukarya
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms
(protists, plants, fungi and animals)
Domain Eukarya
The domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms adapted to extreme conditions, such as very hot or very salty environments
Domain Archaea
The domain of metabolically diverse, unicellular, prokaryotic
organisms
Domain Bacteria
