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Botany Lec Finals > CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS > Flashcards

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS Flashcards

1
Q

It is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

The term ________ means arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities.

A

Classification

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3
Q

A Greek philosopher and biologist who lived during the 3rd Century BCE, classified several hundred plants into such groups as herbs, shrubs and trees.

A

Theophrastus

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4
Q

_______, a Greek philosopher and biologist who lived
during the 3rd century BCE, classified several hundred plants
into such groups as ______, ______, and _______.

A

Theophrastus; herbs, shrubs, trees

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5
Q

was a Roman military surgeon in the 1st century CE who traveled with the Roman army

A

Dioscorides

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6
Q

Dioscorides wrote the ______________, a book that described some _____ species of medicinal plants.

A

Materia Medica; 600

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7
Q

The Materia Medica was widely used as a medical reference for about _____ years until the end of the __________.

A

1500; middle ages

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8
Q

When was the printing press with movable metal type invented?

A

1448

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9
Q

early botanical works known as _________ were printed

A

herbals

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10
Q

what centuries did European explorers introduced hundreds of new plants from other continents to Europe.

A

16th and 17th centuries

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11
Q

When was the classification system designed?

A

mid-18th century

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12
Q

A Swedish botanist who designed the classification system.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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13
Q

In _______, which was published in by Linnaeus described all the plants known in his time, some ______ species and provided each with binomial name.

A

Species Plantarum; 7300 species

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14
Q

Linnaeus based his system of classification in ______, on visual observations of flower parts.

A

Species Plantarum

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15
Q

Linnaeus noted that all flowers of the same kind of plant contain the same number of ______.

A

Stamens

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16
Q

Prior to Linnaeus, scholars used ______ sentences up to _____ words long to describe each type of plant.

A

Latin; 12

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17
Q

Found in meadows and along roadsides and the edges of woods and are also popular garden plants.

A

Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana)

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18
Q

Linnaeus’ most significant contribution to biology is

A

Binomial nomenclature

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19
Q

A system of naming organisms based on a unique two-part name for each.

A

Binomial nomenclature

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20
Q

The first part of the name designates the _______, and the addition of the second part, the specific epithet, designates the _______.

A

genus; species

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21
Q

The ___________ is usually a word that describes some particular quality of the organism.

A

Specific epithet

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22
Q

The ______(_____)_ name can be used alone to designate all species in the genus, but the __________ is never used alone; it is always preceded by the full or abbreviated
generic name.

A

generic (genus), specific epithet

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23
Q

Both names (scientific name) must be ______ and _______.

A

underlined, italicized

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24
Q

Scientific name of corn

A

Zea mays

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25
Q

Scientific name for the white oak

A

Quercus alba

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26
Q

Scientific name for the European white water lily

A

Nymphaea alba

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27
Q

Scientific name for the white willow

A

Salix alba

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28
Q

Scientific names are generally composed from ______ or ______ roots or from ________ versions of the names of persons, places or characteristics.

A

Greek, Latin, Latinized

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29
Q

Scientific name for ivy

A

Hedera canariensis

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30
Q

Scientific name for Sugar maple

A

Acer saccharum

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31
Q

In some parts of the United States, Sugar maple is also called ________ or _________.

A

Hard maple or Rock maple

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32
Q

Scientific name of four-o’clock

A

Mirabilis jalapa

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33
Q

Four-o’clock (Mirabilis jalapa) is also called _________ or __________.

A

marvel-of-peru, beauty-of-the-night

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34
Q

Complete scientific name for the Spiderwort

A

Tradescantia virginiana Linnaeus

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35
Q

Latin name for “maple”

A

Acer

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36
Q

a Moravian Jesuit who studied Asian plants

A

George Kamel

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37
Q

Genus that is derived from George Kamel

A

Camellia

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38
Q

From the Greek word kapto, meaning “to bite” (refers to the hot taste)

A

Capsicum

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39
Q

Perhaps for Felipe Gil, an 18th-century Spanish botanist

A

Gilia

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40
Q

Latin name for “ivy”

A

Hedera

41
Q

Greek name for “mallow”

A

Hibiscus

42
Q

From the Greek words for “membrane” and “beauty”, in reference to the stamens, which are
joined by a membrane

A

Hymenocallis

43
Q

From the Latin word for “wonderful”

A

Mirabilis

44
Q

After Nymphe, a water nymph

A

Nymphaea

45
Q

Latin name for “pitch”, a resin produced by spruce

A

Picea

46
Q

Pyrus

A

From the Latin word for “pear”

47
Q

Latin name for “oak”

A

Quercus

48
Q

Latin name for “willow”

A

Salix

49
Q

English gardener and botanist

A

John Tradescant

50
Q

derived from John Tradescant

A

Tradescantia

51
Q

From zingiberi, named by Dioscorides from an Indian word

A

Zingiber

52
Q

is the basic unit of classification but not the smallest taxonomic group in use.

A

species

53
Q

If they can interbreed, however, they are not truly separate species but are known as ________.

A

subspecies

54
Q

Plants that are produced using techniques such as selective
breeding are called ________.

A

cultivars

55
Q

Another term for selective breeding

A

artificial selection

56
Q

The term cultivar is an abbreviated form of

A

cultivated variety

57
Q

A cultivar is produced while under ________, whereas a
subspecies is a geographically distinct population that evolves
by _________.

A

cultivation, natural selection

58
Q

Two cultivars of peaches, which is a nectarine

A

Prunus persica cv. Rosea and Prunus persica cv. Early Flame

59
Q

(TAXONOMIC LEVEL) Classification is _________; the narrowest category in the Linnaean system is the _______, and the broadest is the ________.

A

hierarchical, species, kingdom

60
Q

Closely related species are grouped in the next higher level of
classification, the _______

A

genus pl. genera

61
Q

TAXONOMIC LEVEL (HIGHEST TO LOWEST)

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

62
Q

Most taxonomists identify organisms primarily on the basis of ________ features.

A

structural

63
Q

taxonomists have developed special guides known as _________ to aid in the identification of unknown plants.

A

dichotomous key

64
Q

A dichotomous key consists of a series of two _____ statements made about plant

A

contrasting

65
Q

is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their
natural evolutionary relationships.

A

Systematics

66
Q

A ______ seeks to construct the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of organisms.

A

systematist

67
Q

If all the plants within a taxonomic group share the same common ancestor, the group is referred to as _______

A

monophyletic (one branch)

68
Q

_______________ are natural groupings, as they represent true evolutionary relationships, and they include all close relatives

A

Monophyletic groups

69
Q

Many groups are _________, consisting of several evolutionary lines and not including a common ancestor.

A

Polyphyletic

70
Q

From the time of Aristotle to the mid-19th century, biologist divided the living world into two kingdoms, ______ and _______.

A

plants, animals

71
Q

With the development of __________, it became increasingly obvious that many organisms could not easily be assigned to either the plant or the animal kingdom.

A

microscopes

72
Q

Unicellular organism _______, which has been classified at various times in the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom, carries on photosynthesis in the light but in the dark uses its flagellum to move about in search of food.

A

Euglena

73
Q

A German biologist, ___________ , suggested that a third kingdom be established.

A

Ernst Haeckel

74
Q

Third kingdom established

A

kingdom Protista

75
Q

Simple and ambiguous organisms, such as ______ and most
__________, including Euglena, were classified in the kingdom Protista

A

bacteria, microorganisms

76
Q

Today, many biologists place ______, including multicellular forms, ________, _________ and _________ in kingdom Protista

A

algae, protozoa, water molds, slime molds

77
Q

Protists are a diverse group of mainly _________, mainly _______.

A

unicellular, aquatic organisms

78
Q

example of organisms under the kingdom Protista

A

Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

79
Q

In the 1930s, a French biologist suggested the term _______ (“_____ nucleus”) to describe bacteria, and the term eucatiotique (“____ nucleus”) to describe all other cells.

A

procariotique (before), eucatiotique (true)

80
Q

the French biologist that suggested the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Édouard Chatton

81
Q

In the year _____, advances in electron microscopy and biochemical techniques revealed basic cellular differences that inspired many new proposals for classifying organisms.

A

1960s

82
Q

In 1969, he ______________ proposed a five-kingdom classification.

A

R.H. Whittaker

83
Q

the proposed five-kingdom classification based mainly on cell structure and the ways that organisms obtain nutrition from their environment.

A

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

84
Q

___________ was established to accommodate the bacteria,
which are fundamentally different from all other organisms in that they are prokaryotic and lack distinct nuclei and other membranous organelles

A

Kingdom Monera

85
Q

fungi (such as mushrooms, molds and
yeasts) are classified as a separate kingdom known as __________

A

Kingdom Fungi

86
Q

fungi are not part of the plant kingdom because fungi are
___________ and obtain energy by _________ nutrients.

A

non photosynthetic, absorbing

87
Q

Fungi also differ from plants in the composition of their _________, in __________, and in ____________.

A

cell walls, body structure, reproduction

88
Q

DNA studies by __________ and other beginning in the late _________ revealed that there are two groups of prokaryotes.

A

Carl Woese, 1970s

89
Q

two groups of prokaryotes, the more familiar _________ and
the distinctive _________, each merit their own kingdom.

A

Bacteria, Archaea

90
Q

The current six-kingdom scheme

A

Bacteria (most prokaryotes); Archaea (some prokaryotes found in extreme environments); Protista (algae, protozoa, water molds, and slime molds); Plantae (plants); Fungi (mushrooms and other fungi); and Animalia (animals).

91
Q

Most biologist also use a level of classification above the kingdom, called _____, based on fundamental molecular differences among the bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.

A

domain

92
Q

Domain is based on fundamental molecular differences among the _________, __________ and __________.

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

93
Q

Biologist have inferred that the three domains are the three main branches of the tree of life.

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

94
Q

Domain Archaea is apparently more closely related to the domain ________ than it is to the domain ________.

A

Eukarya, Bacteria

95
Q

Common ancestor of all living organisms

A

Domain Eukarya

96
Q

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms
(protists, plants, fungi and animals)

A

Domain Eukarya

97
Q

The domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms adapted to extreme conditions, such as very hot or very salty environments

A

Domain Archaea

98
Q

The domain of metabolically diverse, unicellular, prokaryotic
organisms

A

Domain Bacteria

Botany Lec Finals (3 decks)

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