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Plant Science > Flowering > Flashcards

Flowering Flashcards

1
Q

Plants need to be responsive for flowering to occur, What do the series of defined triggers depend on ?

A

Age, day length, environmental conditions, etc

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2
Q

What are 5 environmental signals ?

A
  1. sensitive to juvenility
  2. Photoperiodism
  3. Cold
  4. Meristems change from indeterminate growth to determinate
  5. Usually final growth event for apical meristem
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3
Q

What are 2 external factors that regulate flower formation ?

A

Light and temperature

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4
Q

What are 3 ways that causes the initiation of flowering ?

A
  1. Signals - positive and negative 2. Movement of signals
  2. Responsiveness to environment
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5
Q

What are 2 long day plants ?

A
  1. oilseed rape
  2. Chrysanthemum
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6
Q

When do short day plants flower ?

A

In the winter

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7
Q

What are 4 facts about bamboo ?

A
  1. Bamboo is also known as reincarnation since once plant dies a new fruit is formed.
  2. It is the fastest growing plant
  3. Usually clonal in a forest
  4. All die simultaneously
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8
Q

What is shade-avoidance syndrome ?

A

It’s when change in light quality serves as a warning of competition.

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9
Q

What occurs to types of light during shade-avoidance syndrome ?

A
  1. Under dense canopies or at high density - decrease in ratio of red to far red light.
  2. Light absorption, reflection and transmission of individual leaves - most of blue and red is absorbed while most far-red reflected or transmitted.
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10
Q

Explain how vernalization affects flowering ?

A
  1. IT MIMICS WINTER
  2. Active process
  3. 4 degrees for 6-14 weeks
  4. Prolonged cold
  5. Cold treatment - may be essential or just hasten the process of flowering.
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11
Q

Explain what the ovary, style and stigma is ?

A
  1. OVARY - Hollow body which contains 1 or more ovules
  2. STYLE - Elongated region of the ovary wall
  3. STIGMA - top of the style which allows pollination
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12
Q

What are the two parts that the pollen wall can be divided into ?

A

EXINE AND INTINE
1. INTINE - thin pectocellulosic with proteinaceous material
2. EXINE - Outside inline mainly sporopollenin ( polymer of aliphatic and aromatic constituents coupled via extensive ester and ether linkages )

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13
Q

What are 4 important factors about pollen ?

A
  1. Necessary for sexual reproduction and seed set
  2. Pollen wall structure important for dispersal and resilience
  3. Useful for identification - archeology, palentology, forensics
  4. Allergen-proteins invoke an immune system.
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14
Q

What are the two parts that the pollen wall structure can be divided into ?

A
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15
Q

Where are sporopollenin found ?

A
  1. Found in fossil green algae, mass, ferns, liverwort, bryophytes, and fungi
  2. Constitutes the outer wall of all land-plant spores and pollen grains
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16
Q

What are the physical properties of sporopollenin ?

A
  1. Extremely robust and durable biopolymer
  2. Toughest and most durable materials in nature in resistance to desiccation and chemical attack
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17
Q

What are sporopollenin mainly derived from ?

A

Complex biopolymers derived mainly from saturated precursors such as long-chain fatty acids and long aliphatic chains
1. Pine sporopollenin is cross linked through two major types of linkage - ester and acetal
2. p-coumarate and naringenin moieties for uv protection

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18
Q

What is Pollenkitt made out of ?

A

Hydrophobic mixture of saturated and unsaturated lipids, carotenoids, flavonoids, proteins and carbohydrates.

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19
Q

What’s the role of pollenkitt ?

A

Role
1 To attract pollinators
2. To deter predation
3. To protect against solar radiation
4. To protect against water loss
5. To stick groups of pollen grains together and to pollinators
6. To facilltate pollen adhesion to the stigma

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20
Q

What are the steps for pollination ?

A
  1. Pollen lands on the stigma
  2. Hydration of pollen grain
  3. Produces a pollen tube containing two sperm cells, which travels through the style to the ovary
  4. Tube penetrates into the embryo sac
  5. Tip of the tube ruptures
  6. Sperm cells and remains of the vegetative cell enter the cytoplasm of the embryo sac.
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21
Q

What are the steps of fertilisation ?

A
  1. One sperm nuclei fuses with the egg cell nucleus the second with the two polar nuclei
  2. Termed - DOUBLE FERTILISATION
  3. Sperm and egg celll fuse to form - embryo
  4. Sperm and 2 polar nuclei fuse to form - endosperm
22
Q

What are 3 systems in plants ?

A
  1. Apomixis
  2. Self-pollination
  3. Cross pollination
23
Q

What are Apomixis ?

A

Production of seeds without sexual reproduction. - ( without meiosis or formation of gametes )

24
Q

How do plants self pollinate - such as cereals and peas ?

A

Anthers to stigma of same flower
Anthers to stigmas of different flowers but on same plant
Anthers to stigmas of a seperate, but genetically identical plant

25
Q

Name the 2 types of breeding systems ?

A
  1. MONOECISM
    2.DIOECISM
26
Q

Explain what MONOECISM is ?

A
  1. Unisex flowers on same plant - e.g oaks, beeches
27
Q

Explain what DIOECISM is?

A
  1. unisex flowers on different individuals-guaranteed outcrossing e.g Utica dioica, Asparagus, holly
28
Q

Explain what type of breeding system occurs in single sex flowers ?

A

DICHOGAMY - SEPERATION BY TIME
1. protandry - pollen released before stigma is receptive
2. progyany - stigma receptive before pollen matures

29
Q

Explain incompatibility in breeding systems ?

A

Based on positional constraints of flowers or on pollen germination/tube growth

30
Q

Explain what gametophytic self-incompatibility is ?

A

Self incompatibility pollen that is recognised as self is stopped from pollinating the eggs - self pollination unlikely

31
Q

What are the plants features for being wind pollinated ?

A
  1. Stamens tend to be extended and borne on long filaments, with large, pendulous anthers which dehisce easily e.g trees rushes, and grasses.
32
Q

What are another 6 features of a plant that’s wind pollinated ?

A
  1. Flowers tend to be small and insignificant
  2. No scent and no nectar
  3. Produce large amounts of pollen
  4. Anthers hang down so exposed to air
  5. Stigmas are long and feathery to catch pollen
  6. Pollen tends to be smooth so they don’t stick together.
33
Q

Given an example of flower that’s pollinated by water ?

A

Vallisneria male flowers released to float on water and come in contact with stigmas at meniscus of water.

34
Q

What are the 2 main types of floral symmetry ?

A
  1. Radial symmetry
  2. Bilateral symmetry
35
Q

How does the development of floral shape occur ?

A
  1. Differentiation of calyx/sepals
    - From the petals
  2. Fusion of calyx and corolla to form bells, trumpets, tubes and traps.
36
Q

What are bats, bees, birds, butterflies and flies favourite flower to pollinate ?

A

BATS - Dull or pale, night blooming, strong fruity, lots of nectar
BEES - Blue or yellow - sweets, spots /lines for building
BIRDS - Bright, often red or yellow, little smell, tubular, lots of nectar
BUTTERFLIES - Bright, often red or yellow, sweet smell, nectar at base of corolla tube or spur
FLIES - Dull or brownish, smells of carrion.

37
Q

What are spurs ?

A

Pollinators with long, narrow mouth parts

38
Q

What are 3 floral types ?

A
  1. CONSTRICTED FLOWERS
  2. SPRING-RELEASE FLOWERS
  3. ONE-WAY SYSTEM TRAP FLOWERS
39
Q

Describe Constricted flowers ?

A

Considerable pressure/ adaptn required e.g primula primulina- corolla filled with hair lets hard mouth parts of some syrphids enter

40
Q

Describe Spring-Release Flowers ?

A

Stamens and or style are forcibly released from a hidden location onto the pollinator.

41
Q

Describe One-way system trap flowers ?

A

Often produces a decaying smell, is red-brown and reminiscent of dead flesh. Trap flowers usually form a pouch with restricted, slippery entrance often reinforced with hair.

42
Q

What are two rewards for pollinators on floral types ?

A
  1. FOOD BODIE - Reward is generally in the form of pollen and/ or nectar, but nutritious food bodies can be placed on the perianth, stamens or staminodes
  2. SEXUAL MIMIC - Flower resembles a female of the pollinators species, mimics pheromone scents and tactile responses. Males attempt to mate with it.
43
Q

How does attractants such as colour help a flower?

A

Within a meter of a flower a bee will respond to the shape and pattern of a flower
Certain colours of flowers are associated with certain pollinators
BIRDS - orange/red flowers
BEES - Blues, purple and yellows

44
Q

How does flowers changing there colour as ageing help ensure pollination ?

A

Helps ensure cross pollination by attracting pollinators to receptive flowers.

45
Q

Why is it important a flower has scent used as an attractor and how is it produced ?

A
  1. Tends to be produced by petals from epidermis, usually volatile oils
  2. Primary range to attract pollinator can also serve to orientate
  3. Strongly smelling flowers usually act on moths and flies ( bad smells )
46
Q

Explain what and where nectar is and how it’s produced as an attracter ?

A
  1. Sugary solution composed mainly of sucrose, but also some glucose, fructose., maltose and mannose. Some lipids and amino acids present.
  2. Derived from the phloem and is secreted from specialised terminal phleom cells ‘nectaries’
  3. Usually located at the base of the petals/sepals or receptacle, often inconspicuous except for pigment nectar guide
  4. Some flowers, particularly those pollinated by bats and birds can produce many mls of nectar.
47
Q

What are the 3 different mating systems in plants ?

A
  1. Cross pollination
  2. Self pollination
  3. Apomixis
48
Q

What are 3 adaptions to flower shape based on pollinator ?

A
  1. Landing platforms
  2. colour
  3. scent
49
Q

What do showy flowers attract and non showy flowers ?

A
  1. SHOWY FLOWERS - Insects, birds and animals
  2. NON-SHOWY - Wind, rain and water
50
Q

What does colour allow as an attractor ?

A

Allows identification of flower, orientation, can change

51
Q

What does scent do as an attractor ?

A

Attract and orientate pollinator

Plant Science (7 decks)

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