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Principles of Plant Science > Flower Morphology & Pollination > Flashcards

Flower Morphology & Pollination Flashcards

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1
Q

Receptacle

A

the region of the (short) stem containing the four compressed nodes

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2
Q

What are the four different kinds of modified leaves that can form from the nodes on the receptacle (whorls)?

A
  • Calyx
  • Corolla
  • Androecium
  • Gynoecium
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3
Q

Calyx

A

4th node, at the base of the receptacle; individually called Sepals (resemblance to leaves) or Tepals (when the sepals & petals are indistinguishable)

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4
Q

Corolla

A

3rd node, individually called Petals

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5
Q

Androecium

A

2nd node, male organs

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6
Q

Gynoecium

A

1st node, at the tip of the receptacle; female organs

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7
Q

Whorls

A

the nodes where the modified leaves are attached

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8
Q

How many whorls do monocots have?

A

3 per node

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9
Q

How many whorls do dicots have?

A

4-5 per node

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10
Q

Tepals

A

when sepals and petals are indistinguishable/look the same

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11
Q

The calyx and corolla are collectively named the

A

perianth

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12
Q

What is the androecium whorl composed of?

A

Stamens

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13
Q

What are the 2 distinct components of Stamens?

A
  • Filament - long stalk
  • Anther - (usually 4) sacs of pollen grains
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14
Q

The gynoecium is composed of

A

carpels (sometimes called pistils)

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15
Q

Where are the ovules located in the gynoecium?

A

in the locule (inner chamber)

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16
Q

The carpel consists of 3 parts:

A
  • Stigma - the tip
  • Style - stalk that holds the stigma
  • Ovary - has the locule that contains the ovules (embryo sacs that have the megasporangia and megaspore mother cells)
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17
Q

ovary position of Epigynous flowers

A

Inferior ovary, where other flower parts are attached ABOVE the ovary

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18
Q

Perigynous flowers

A

Ovary is surrounded by the fused bases of flower parts, such as calyx, corolla, & androecium (that originally surrounded the ovary separately)

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19
Q

Hypogynous flowers

A

Superior ovary, where other flower parts are attached BELOW the ovary

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20
Q

What is a complete flower?

A

A flower that has all four parts (calyx, corolla, androecium, & gynoecium)

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21
Q

Flowers that are missing one or more parts are called?

A

Incomplete

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22
Q

A flower with both androecium and gynoecium is called

A

perfect, bisexual, or hermaphroditic

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23
Q

Cleistogamy

A

when the anther matures and pollen is shed and the stigma is receptive before the flower opens

24
Q

Chasmogamous

A

Flowers that are fully open when mature

25
Q

Protandry

A

when the pollen is shed before the stigma is receptive

26
Q

Protogyny

A

when the stigma is receptive before pollen is shed

27
Q

Self-incompatibility

A

when the stigma and style recognize polled produced by the same plant and stop fertilization (prevents self-pollination)

28
Q

Flowers only containing androecium are called

A

staminate

29
Q

Flowers only containing gynoecium are called

A

pistillate

30
Q

A single-sex plant

A

Dioecious

31
Q

Plants with both sexes

A

Monoecious

32
Q

Microsporocyte

A

mass dividing cells inside pollen sacs during early development

33
Q

Each microsporocyte undergoes _______ to form…

A

Meiosis; 4 haploid (4n) microspores

34
Q

What does a pollen grain contain?

A
  • Tube cell
  • Generative cell
35
Q

The pollen grain is the male _______ and its role is…

A

gametophyte; to produce sperm cells for fertilization

36
Q

Where are sperm cells produced?

A

in the generative cell of the pollen grain

37
Q

What happens after the pollen reaches the stigma of another flower?

A

the pollen secretes proteins that are used as a recognition method

38
Q

What happens after the pollen recognizes the stigma?

A

the tube cell grows and forms a pollen tube, which grows down the style towards the ovary to transport the sperm

39
Q

Simple pistil

A

a gynoecium consisting of a single folded carpel

40
Q

Compound pistil

A

a gynoecium consisting of several carpels or several fused carpels

41
Q

Ovules are attached to a tissue in the ovary called…

A

the placenta

42
Q

Name and describe the different forms of placentation (distributed form of the placenta)

A
  • Parietal - from the ovary wall
  • Axile - arise from the axis of an ovary with several locules
  • Central - from a central column
  • Marginal - arising from one of the margins (i.e. legumes)
43
Q

Integuments

A

the protective layers that form as the ovule matures

44
Q

What is the small opening in the integuments for?

A

micropyle, for fertilization

45
Q

Megasporocyte

A

the spacial cell inside the integuments that’s located inside a tissue called the nucellus

46
Q

Megaspores

A

when the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis and forms a row of 4 haploid (n) cells

47
Q

How does the embryo sac develop?

A

The 3 megaspores closest to the micropyle disintegrate, leaving the remaining one to enlarge so it can undergo repeated mitosis

48
Q

The embryo sac is divided into 3 parts:

A
  • Egg apparatus - consists of an egg cell and 2 synergid cells, located closer to the micropyle
  • Central cell - has 2 nuclei
  • 3 antipodal cells
49
Q

What happens to the 2 sperm cells that are released once the pollen tube reaches the embryo?

A
  • The nucleus of one sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell, forming a diploid (2n) zygote
  • The nucleus of the other sperm cell fuses with the 3 polar nuclei in the central cell, forming the triploid (3n) endosperm
50
Q

ABC model

A
  • Sepal = A
  • Petal = A+B
  • Stamen = B+C
  • Carpel = C
51
Q

Connation

A

union of parts in the same whorl

52
Q

Adnation

A

union of parts from different whorls

53
Q

Nectaries

A

specialized structures that secrete sugary water (nectar)

54
Q

Biotic pollen vectors

A

pollen is transported by animals

55
Q

Nectar guide

A

colors that point the pollinator toward the reward (nectar)

56
Q

Abiotic pollen vectors

A

pollen carried by wind or water

Principles of Plant Science (5 decks)

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