Flower Anatomy

Question 1

Floral Anatomy

Answer 1

• arranged in whorls
• sit on receptacle
• outermost whorl: arranged in sepals, all sepals together = calyx
• next whorl: all the petals, all together called the corolla
• next whorl: stamens (produce male gametophytes)
• anther: produce pollen
• filament: what the anther sits on

Question 2

Pollen

Answer 2

• pollen production:
• inside anther are sporangium tissue
• pollen grain has 2 cells
  - generative cell: sperm nuclei
  - vegetative cell: pollen tube
• two layers around pollen grain
  - outer layer: sporopollenin
  - inner layer: pectin wall

Question 3

flowers

Answer 3

• innermost whorl: carpels (pistils) includes the ovary, style and stigma
• stigma: catch pollen
  style: what the stigma sits on
  ovary: contains the ovule and embryo sac

Question 4

Embryo Sac (female gametophyte)

Answer 4

• has 2 polar nuclei
• inside the ovary is the ovule
• integuments: protective layers
• 3 cells sit on micropyle (2 synergids and 1 egg) located near the receptacle
• 3 other cells at the antimicropyle and form antipodal cells

Question 4

Embryo Sac (female gametophyte)

Answer 4

• has 2 polar nuclei
• inside the ovary is the ovule
• integuments: protective layers
• 3 cells sit on micropyle (2 synergids and 1 egg) located near the receptacle
• 3 other cells at the antimicropyle and form antipodal cells

Question 5

Floral Structure Variations

Answer 5

• spirals

- complete and incomplete whorls

Question 6

Carpels & Stamen

Answer 6

• perfect: carpels and stamen are on one flower
• imperfect: only one present
  carpellate: has carpal
  staminate: has stamen

Question 7

Sex of the Plant

Answer 7

• hermaphroditic: flowers are perfect (both male and female parts)
• monoecious: has both male and female flowers (imperfect)
• dioecious: only one sex flower on the plant (only male, only female)

Question 8

Fertilization

Answer 8

• self-compatible: can fertilize its own flowers
• self-incompatible: cannot fertilize its own flowers
• when a pollen grain lands stigma the pollen grain changes
  - generative cells divide to form 2 sperm
  - vegetative cell extends its walls to form a pollen tube
• pollen tube goes into the ovary via the micropyle
• plant undergoes double fertilization
• polar nuclei = zygote and endosperm
• ovule = seed
• ovary = fruit

Question 9

Endosperm

Answer 9

• 3n nucleus
• divides through mitosis
• forms a multinucleate wall
• develops cell walls and becomes solid
• mature embryo:
  
  • radicule: embryonic root
  • hypocotyl: beneath
  • cotyledon: shuttles nutrients between the 2 structures
• in monocots, they have coleorhiza and coleoptile

Question 10

Dicots

Answer 10

• have 2 cotyledon

- has a seed coat

Question 11

Fruits

Answer 11

• the enlarged ovary of the plant and encases the seed
• fruit develop when seed develops
  ie. apple, oranges. tomato, peanuts, peppers, corn

Question 12

Vegetable

Answer 12

• some other part of the plant

ie. rhubarb, broccoli, celery

Question 13

Aggregate Fruits

Answer 13

• fruits made up of multiple ovaries

ie. berries

Question 14

Achene

Answer 14

• dry, one seed, that does not open to release its seed

ie. quinoa, cannabis, buckwheat

Question 15

multiple fruits

Answer 15

• a fruit made up of multiple flowers

ie. a pineapple, fig

Question 16

Berry

Answer 16

-a fruit without a hard seed that develops from 1 ovary

ie, kiwis, watermelons, grapes (NOT BERRIES)

Question 17

Pomes

Answer 17

• a fruit with core fused carpels and an enlarged receptacle

ie. apples, pears

Question 18

Drupes

Answer 18

• a hard seed and a fleshy exocarp

ie. peaches, cherries, almonds