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Genetics > Flow Of Genetic Information > Flashcards

Flow Of Genetic Information Flashcards

1
Q

Guanine and Adenine

A

Purines (double ring)

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2
Q

Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA), and Cytosine

A

Pyrimidines

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3
Q

H on 2’ carbon, Pentose sugar found in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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4
Q

OH on 2’ carbon, pentose sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

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5
Q

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Covalently links adjacent nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

Directionality of DNA

A

5’ to 3’

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8
Q

Anti-parallel, complementary, double helix

A

dsDNA

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9
Q

Pyrimidine + purine

A

Complementary base-pairing

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10
Q

Products of DNA replication include:
- one strand from original parental molecule
- one newly synthesized strand

A

DNA replication is semiconservative

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11
Q

Place where replication starts, DNA replication occurs in both directions

A

Origin of replication

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12
Q

Duplicated and non-duplicated DNA meet at…

A

Replication forks

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13
Q

The leading strand is synthesized continuously 5’ to 3’

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in 5’ to 3’ fragments

A

Each replication fork is semidiscontinuous

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14
Q

Fragments from lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragments

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15
Q

Required for separation of strands of dsDNA
- homohexamer
-unwinds DNA
- uses ATP hydrolysis to propel itself along DNA strand

A

Helicase

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16
Q

Stabilize ssDNA and make template available for copying

A

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)

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17
Q

Seals 5’ to 3’ phosphodiester bonds between the Okazaki fragments

ATP consumed and AMP and PPi released as byproducts

A

Ligase

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18
Q

Makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template to create free 3’ OH

A

Primase

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19
Q

adds dNTPs to primer and proofreads

A

DNA Polymerase III

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20
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

Removes and replaces RNA primer with DNA

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21
Q

The proteins involved in DNA replication form one large complex

A

Replisome

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22
Q

Corrects DNA Synthesis

A

Proofreading- DNA polymerase III

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23
Q

RNA is made from DNA template

  • copies template strand in 3’ to 5’ direction
  • complementary base are added to template strand
    -elongates new RNA strand 5’ to 3’
    -incorporation of NTPs and the release of pyrophosphate (PPi)
A

Transcription

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24
Q

Synthesizes phosphodiester bond to transcribe from 5’ to 3’

A

RNA polymerase

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25
Q

In Bacteria (transcription initiation): RNA polymerase is made of multiple protein subunits that come together at the promoter to form…

A

RNA polymerase holoenzyme

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25
Q

Strand on DNA with same sequence as the mRNA

A

Coding (Sense) Strand

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25
Q

Strand on DNA that is the complement of the mRNA

A

Template (Antisense) Strand

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26
Q

Where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

A

Promoter Sequence

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27
Q

In Bacteria: subunit that binds to the -10 and -35 promoter regions to bring holoenzyme to the start of the gene; dissociates when transcription begins

A

Sigma factor

28
Q

Inverted repeats induce G-C rich hairpin formation in nascent transcript
RNA pol stalls at hairpin
stretch of weak A-U facilitate dissociation

A

Factor-independent termination (Bacteria)

29
Q

Rho protein binds RNA at rut site

RHo moves along RNA toward 3’ end while RNA pol stalls
Rho moves towards 3’ end of transcript and breaks RNA-DNA hybrid thus causing dissociation

A

Rho-dependent termination

30
Q

Specific DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. Type of promoter sequence

A

TATA box

31
Q

In Eukaryotic transcription, assembles with RNA polymerase II at the promoter to form preinitiation complex

A

General Transcription Factors (GTFs)

32
Q

Eukaryotes: transcribes all protein-coding genes, can’t initiate transcription by itself. The c-terminal domain is phosphorylated by TFIIH to initiate transcription

A

RNA polymerase II

33
Q

GTFs and RNA pol II assemble at the promoter

A

preinitiation complex

34
Q

result of RNA transcription

A

pre-mRNA

35
Q

(In nucleus)
Converts pre-mRNA to mature mRNA

Pre-mRNAs are capped, spliced, and polyadenylated

A

RNA Processing

36
Q

5’ end of mRNA is capped with 7-Meg modified nucleotide with 5’ to 5’ linkage

Adds stability to RNA molecule
Required for mRNA export from nucleus
Roles in translation

A

mRNA capping

37
Q

Cleavage and polyadenylation (CP) complex bind to RNA at polyadenylation site

mRNA cleaved and Poly-A Polymerase (PAP) adds As to the 3’-OH end

Poly-A tail protects mRNA from degradation and influences translation

A

mRNA Polyadenylation

38
Q

Splices pre-mRNAs

A

Small Nuclear Ribonuclear Proteins (snRNP) - spliceosomes

39
Q

snRNAs in spliceosomes

A

ribozymes

40
Q

contain sequence that can be translated into protein

A

exons

41
Q

will not be translated into protein because they are cut out in a process called splicing

A

introns

42
Q

Typically at start of intron

A

5’–GU

43
Q

typically at end of intron

A

AG –3’

44
Q

Makes up spliceosome

A

snRNPs

45
Q

CP complex cleaves mRNA

Exonuclease Xrn2 digests RNA bound to RNA pol II and causes it to dissociate

A

(Eukaryotes) Torpedo termination model

46
Q

Elongation factors dissociate after CP complex cleavage

RNA pol II undergoes conformational change and dissociates

A

Allosteric termination model

47
Q

Differentiates Amino Acids

A

Side chains (r-groups)

48
Q

Links amino acids to form polypeptide

A

peptide bonds

49
Q

N to C directionality

A

Polypeptide

50
Q

Linear, directional (N-C) sequence of amino acid subunits connected by covalent peptide bonds

A

Primary structure

51
Q

Local structure of regions within polypeptide (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) formed by hydrogen bonds between peptide backbone

A

Secondary Structure

52
Q

Final 3-D structure of single polypeptide formed by covalent and noncovalent bonds between amino acid side chains

A

Tertiary structure

53
Q

Occurs for proteins that contain more than one polypeptide; formed by covalent and noncovalent bonds between amino acid side chains in polypeptide subunits

A

Quaternary Structure

54
Q

Final 3D shape of polypeptide chain; deterined by interactions between amino acids that form lowest free energy state

A

conformation

55
Q

Adaptors between the mRNA codon and amino acid

A

transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

56
Q

Recognizes the codon of an mRNA

A

anticodon on tRNA

57
Q

Allows tRNAs to recognize multiple codons

A

wobble base-pairing

58
Q

“charge” tRNAs with Amino Acids

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

59
Q

Catalytic component of ribosome

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

60
Q

Site on ribosome where tRNAs that have donated their amino acid exit the ribosome

A

exit site

61
Q

binds the tRNA with growing amino acid chain attached

A

peptidyl site

62
Q

binds new incoming charged tRNA

A

Aminoacyl site

63
Q

binds to the mRNA that is being translated

A

mRNA-binding site

64
Q

(Bacteria) sequence-specific site on mRNA that allows It to be recognized by ribosome

A

ribosome binding site

65
Q

(Eukaryotes) feature of mRNA that is recognized by proteins that recruit the ribosome

A

5’ cap

66
Q
  1. Initiation factors
  2. rRNA base-pairs with ribosome binding site
  3. Initiator tRNA recognizes start codon
A

Translation initiation in bacteria

67
Q
  1. Ribosome binds to capped 5’ end of mRNA
  2. Ribosome scans for start codon
  3. Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) facilitate translation initiation
A

Translation initiation in eukaryotes

68
Q

Stop codons not recognized by tRNAs
1. Release factors bind to stop codon through a “peptide anticodon”
2. Release factor catalyzes hydrolysis of the polypeptide from the last tRNA
3. Ribosome subunits dissociate

A

Translation termination

Genetics (9 decks)

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