Flight Planning Flashcards
Minimum Ramp Fuel Required
Taxy + Trip + Contingency + Alternate + Final Reserve Fuel
Ramp Fuel
Taxy Fuel.
Trip Fuel - runway to runway.
Reserve Fuel:
- Contingency Fuel (either A or B).
- Alternate Fuel (if a destination alternate is required).
- Final Reserve Fuel - 45 mins (piston) or 30 mins at holding speed (turbines) at 1500ft above alternate/destination (+15 mins if no alternate).
- Additional Fuel (if required by the type of operation, e.g. for flight at 10k ft after depressurisation).
Extra Fuel (if required by the commander, for weather, ATC, etc).
Contingency Fuel (either A or B).
A:
5% of planned trip fuel or fuel for remainder of flight.
3% as above if an en-route alternate is available.
20 mins flying time. Statistically derived amount
B.
5 mins at holding speed 1500ft above the destination aerodrome.
Specific Air Range (SAR)
SAR = TAS/Fuel Flow = (NAM/hr)/(lb/hr) = NAM/lb
Gross Fuel Flow (GFF)
GFF = Fuel Flow/Groundspeed = (lb/hr)/NGM/hr = lb/NGM
Forward CG increases:
Stability
Stalling speed
Drag
Fuel consumption
Effect of weight on performance:
EAS for:
- Endurance
- Max range
- LRC
..all decrease with decreasing weight.
Calculating NGM:
NGM = NAM x (GS/TAS)
Calculating NAM:
NAM = NGM x (TAS/GS)
Fuel used in cruise: 3 step process…
- Find TAS (temp correction)
- Calc. NAM
- Extract fuel used from aircraft mass tables.
LSS
Mach
LSS = 38.94 √T (Kelvin) (661kts at ISA)
M = TAS/LSS
Point of Safe Return (PSR)
Time
Distance
Time to PSR = ExH/(O+H)
E: Endurance
H: GS Homebound
O: GS Outbound
Distance to PSR = Time x O
Point of Equal Time (PET)
(aka Critical Point (CP) Distance Time
Distance to PET = DxH/(O+H)
D: Sector Distance
H: GS Homebound
O: GS Onward (from PET)
Time to PET = Distance/O (assuming same as onward GS)
Flight Plans
Filing
60 mins prior to departure (EOBT)
3 hrs for flights over North Atlantic and on routes subject to Air Traffic Flow Management
Current flight plan: filed flight plan with amendments and clearances included
VFR Flight Plan
Total EET:
TO to overhead
IFR Flight Plans
Total EET:
Time allowed before invalid:
Repetitive Flight Plan:
Landing at aerodrome other than filed destination:
TO to IAF
For a controlled flight - amend or cancel if delayed off-blocks > 30 mins
Repetitive Flight Plan - flights must occur on a regular basis on at least 10 occasions.
Landing at aerodrome other than destination - inform ATC at intended destination within 30 mins of landing.
Class B (small piston) fuel required
A to A: final reserve of 45 mins flight time.
A to B: as above but without ‘Additional Fuel’
Best SAR
The best SAR is where 90% thrust gives
1.32IMD without accelerating: usually ~ 40k ft.
Best Endurance/Holding speed
The best Endurance/Holding speed is VIMD
ideally at 90% thrust without accelerating
(= higher than best range).
Long Range Cruise (LRC)
Long Range Cruise (LRC) is 4% faster than still air best range speed but gives 99% of the range.
Flight Plan/Flight Rules
I
V
Y
Z
Flight Plan/Flight Rules
I IFR
V VFR
Y IFR > VFR
Z VFR > IFR
ITEM 15: Route
Distance between points - outside of designated ATS routes
ITEM 15: Route
Distance between points - outside of designated ATS routes
Normally > 30 mins/200 nm (370 km)
