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CPL-IR > Air Law > Flashcards

Air Law Flashcards

1
Q

EASA - expand

CS23 and CS25 covers…

EU Ops covers…

A

European Aviation Safety Agency

Replaces Joint Aviation Authority (JAA)

CS23 and CS25 cover regulations applying to small and large aircraft

EU Ops - cover rules and regulations governing commercial air transportation

Eurocontrol - oversees and executes ATC in upper airspace

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2
Q

Graded Area dimensions

Code 1 and 2

Code 3 and 4

A

Graded Area at each end of strip:

40m for code 1 or 2

75m for code 3 or 4

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3
Q

Medical Validity

The Authority must be informed after:

Class 1 valid for:

Class 2 valid for:

A

The Authority must be informed after:

21 days of consecutive illness

12+ hrs in a hospital or clinic

Medicals can be deferred for 6 months for non-commercial operations.

Class 1 valid for 12 months if <40

6 months if 40+ (for single-pilot, pax ops)

Class 2 valid for 5 years until 40, then 2 years until 50, 1 year until 65, then 6 months.

Currency begins on the date the assessment is issued

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4
Q

Clearway extent and width

A

May not be greater than 50% of the TORA and should extend 75m either side of the centreline.

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5
Q

Lateral Separation, via track:

VOR:

NDB:

DR Nav:

RNAV:

A

Using VOR: 15° and 15 nm

NDB: 30° and 15 nm

DR Nav: 45° and 15 nm

RNAV: 15° and protected airspace does not overlap

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6
Q

Other Conventions

Tokyo

Hague

Montreal

Warsaw

Montreal

Rome

A

Chicago 1944 – ICAO (establishes standards and recommended practices for contracting member states).

Tokyo 1963 – Jurisdiction to state of registration for criminal acts on board, inc. hijacking.

Hague 1970 – Hijacking, and detailed rules for establishing jurisdiction over offenders.

Montreal 1971 - Criminal acts on board, other than hijacking. Canada - soft offences!

Warsaw 1929 - defines rules and liability for the carriage of passengers, baggage and freight.

Montreal 1999 - redefined liability of carriers and compensation for passengers.

Rome 1933 - liability in case of damage to third parties on the surface; compulsory recognition and execution of foreign judgements. Damaged colosseum!

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7
Q

ICAO Structure

Council - governing body of X elected for Y

Assembly

Regions

Regional Offices

HQ

A

ICAO Structure

President of the Council

Council - governing body of 36 elected by the Assembly for a 3 year term

(Secretariat - Secretary General)

Assembly - reps from all contracting states (190)

9 Regions

7 Regional Offices

HQ in Montreal

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8
Q

The Five Freedoms

of the International Air Services Transit Agreement

A

1 State A to overfly State B – no ldg

2 Land for technical stop

3 Pax from State A to State B

4 Pax from State B to State A

5 Pax of State B to State C

Sate A cannot take pax from B to B (unlawful cabotage)

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9
Q

ATIS

Responsibility

ATIS should include cloud cover when…

Changes to surface w/v are passed:

A

Responsibility of ATS

ATIS should include cloud cover when the cloud base is below 1500m/5000 ft/ or MSA (whichever is the greater)

Changes to surface w/v are passed:

10 kts+

5 kts x-wind

2 kts tailwind.

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10
Q

Independent parallel departures

Requirements:

A

Surveillance radar must be available to identify aircraft within 1nm from the end of the runway.

Departure tracks must diverge by at least 15° immediately after take-off.

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11
Q

Landing priorities

A

Landing aircraft have priority > lowest aircraft has priority > emergency aircraft has priority.

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12
Q

UK Rules of the Air (not ICAO standard) give priority on the ground as:

1

2

3

4

A

UK Rules of the Air (not ICAO standard) give priority on the ground as:

  1. Flying machines and vehicles shall give way to aircraft taking off or landing.
  2. Flying machines and vehicles not taking off or landing give way to vehicles towing aircraft.
  3. Vehicles not towing aircraft shall give way to aircraft.
  4. A flying machine overtaking another flying machine shall alter course to the left.
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13
Q

Repetitive Flight Plans

Qualifying criteria

A

Only for IFR flights on same day(s) of consecutive weeks and on at least 10 occasions - or for flights on 10 consecutive days.

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14
Q

Independent parallel approaches

Separation required until established on final approach.

Final vector to intercept final approach track:

NTZ:

A
  • All approaches radar monitored, regardless of weather.
  • 3nm or 1000 ft vertical separation required until established on final approach.
  • Final vector to intercept final approach track <30° and allow 1nm straight and level before track interception and 2 nm before glidepath interception.
  • On final aproach, no radar separation minima.
  • No transition zone (NTZ) of at least 610m (2000 ft).
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15
Q

VFR/IFR weather minima

A

Above 10 000ft:

8k/1500m/1000ft clear of cloud

1000ft agl/3000ft amsl but below 10k:

5k/1500m/1000ft clear of cloud

Below 1000ft agl/3000ft amsl:

Class B-E: as above

Class F-G: 5k, clear of cloud, in sight of surface

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16
Q

Runway Strip

A

Includes runway and stopway.

Should extend before the threshold and beyond the end of the runway or stopway, at least:

30m for code 1/non-instrument.

60m for code number 1 and instrument runway.

60m for code number 2, 3 and 4.

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17
Q

Wake Turbulence: Departures - Time

Same position on runway

Departing from intermediate position

Opposite direction

A

Same position on runway

Behind Super:

3 mins for Light/Medium - everything else 2 mins

Departing from intermediate position

Behind Super:

4 mins for Light/Medium - everything else 3 mins

2 mins for opposite direction take-off by light medium after Heavy low approach.

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18
Q

Aircraft Approach Categories

A

Based upon 1.3 x stall speed at MLM

A: <91 kts

B: 91 kts - 121 kts

C: 121 kts - 141 kts

D: 141 kts - 166 kts

E: 166 kts - 211 kts

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19
Q

Aerodrome Beacon

A

White or green and white - flashes every 2-3 secs - no ident.

Identification Beacon:

green (land)

yellow (water)

red (mil)

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20
Q

Rules of the Air

High seas

Applicability

A

Over the high seas ICAO rules apply without exception.

Article 12 requires each contracting state to adopt ICAO Rules of the Air into National Rules as far as possible (may) and strictly enforce them (must).

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21
Q

Radio Altimeter Operating Area

Dimensions:

A

300m x 120m

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22
Q

Units providing Air Traffic Services

A
  1. Area Control Centre
  2. Approach Control Office
  3. Aerodrome Control Tower
  4. Air Traffic Services Reporting Office
  5. Flight information Service/Centre
    * Alerting Service (all ATC and FIS Providers)*
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23
Q

Type Ratings - apply to particular aircraft types

Type Ratings are established for:

Valid for:

A

Multi-pilot aircraft

Single-pilot, ME turboprops and jets

Single-pilot, SE jets

The Authority may establish type ratings for any other type of aircraft.

Type Ratings and ME Class Ratings are valid for 1 year.

Valid from date of issue.

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24
Q

Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft

A

Eliminates import duties on civil aircraft, simulators and parts.

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25
Q

Expected Approach Time (EAT)

A

An EAT will be passed for any aircraft that will be subject to a delay of 10 mins+

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26
Q

Avoiding collisions

Giving way

Approaching head-on

Converging

Overtake

A

Giving way - avoid passing over, under or in front.

Approaching head-on - alter hdg to the right.

Converging - aircraft with the other on its right shall give way.

Overtake - on the right.

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27
Q

Classes of Airspace:

Controlled

Uncontrolled

A

Controlled

A - airways below FL195, major CTAs/CTZs (IFR only)

B - not used

C - FIR above FL195 and UIR (contrail)

D - most CTAs/CTZs (allows VFR)

E - Belfast & Scottish TMAs, Glasgow Control Area

Uncontrolled

F - Advisory Routes (IFR flights receive advisory service)

G - free airspace (FIS available on request)

Note: Class C-G, VFR traffic receives traffic information to assist with collision avoidance.

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28
Q

Speed Control during intermediate and final phases:

A

Speed Control - radar controller may request speed adjustments of up to 20 kts during intermediate and final phases - should not be applied within 4 nm.

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29
Q

Circling Approach

Loss of visual references:

A

Loss of visual references - initial climbing turn towards the landing runway then, when overhead, adopt missed approach track.

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30
Q

The AIP

3 Parts

A

Part 1 - General (GEN)

Part 2 - En-Route (ENR)

Part 3 - Aerodromes (AD)

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31
Q

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)

A

PANS-ABC ICAO - abbreviations and codes

PANS-OPS Aircraft Operations

Vol 1 Flight Procedures

Vol 2 Visual and Instrument Procedures

PANS-RAC Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services

Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPS) augment the PANS

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32
Q

Parallel approach and departures

Requirements:

A

Tracks must diverge by at least 30°

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33
Q

Alerting Service and SAR

Three phases of an emergency:

A

Three phases of an emergency:

  1. Uncertainty Phase - uncertain!
  2. Alert Phase - apprehension.
  3. Distress Phase - reasonable certainty.
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34
Q

EU Directive 261

A

Additional protection afforded to members of EU states ieo:

Denied boarding

Long delays (>5 hrs)

Flights cancelled (<14 days)

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35
Q

PANS-OPS Holding Procedures

Sectors:

Outbound timing:

A

Sector 1 Parallel/110° arriving from hold side

Sector 2 Offset/70° arriving from cold side

Sector 3 Direct/180°

Outbound 1 min at or below 14 000 ft

1:30 above 14 000 ft

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36
Q

Longitudinal separation: by time

A

15 mins

10 mins if frequent fixing

5 mins if >20 kts

3 mins if >40 kts

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37
Q

Ground Controlled Approached

ATC direct MAP by…

A

ATC will direct a missed approach procedure if clearance to land is not received by 2 nm.

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38
Q

Primary Area

A

A defined area symmetrically disposed around the flight track providing a minimum obstacle clearance of 300m (984 ft)

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39
Q

Rescue and Fire Fighting

Level of protection determined by…

A

Level of Protection depends upon length and fuselage width of longest aircraft using the aerodrome.

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40
Q

Longitudinal separation: Europe

Aircraft that are level, climbing or descending can be…

A

In Europe, aircraft that are level, climbing or descending can be 3mins/20 nm apart.

(Provided continuously radar monitored)

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41
Q

Radar Separation under radar control…

A

Standard 5 nm

3 nm when radar capabilities permit

2.5 nm established on the approach

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42
Q

ICAO Annex 17: Security

Flight deck door.

A

Pax aircraft with seating capacity >60 or MTOM > 45 000kg must have approved flight deck door.

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43
Q

Vertical Separation

In designated (RVSM) airspace:

In other airspace:

A

In designated (RVSM) airspace:

2000 ft

FL410

1000 ft

In other airspace:

2000 ft

FL290

1000 ft

44
Q

TODA

ASDA

A

TODA = TORA + clearway

ASDA = TORA + stopway

45
Q

Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC)

A

Advance notice of significant changes in operating practices.

Published 14 days ahead of 28 day notice period (42 days total).

46
Q

Changes to a Flight Plan

Time before a flight plan has to be amended or cancelled and resubmitted:

Flights subject to flow control:

A

Delay of 30 mins to EOBT for a controlled flight (60 mins for an uncontrolled flight) require flight plan to be amended or cancelled and resubmitted.

Flights subject to flow control: flight plan must be submitted 3 hrs in advance and must be delayed or changed if >15 mins from EOBT.

47
Q

Speed control

A

250kts IAS below FL100,

except IFR traffic in Class A and C

48
Q

Runway End Safety Area

Dimensions

A

At least 90m and 2 x runway width

49
Q

Missed Approaches

3 phases:

A

Initial Phase - ends when climb established.

Intermediate Phase - ends when 50m (164 ft) obstacle clearance can be maintained.

Final Phase - ends where a new approach, hold or return to en-route flight is initiated.

Normally based upon a 2.5% gradient, referred to as the nominal gradient.

50
Q

Customs

Article 24

A

Article 24 - temporary freedom from customs duty and allowed to remain for a period established by the state.

51
Q

ILS Separation

A

3 nm on the same localiser

Can be further reduced to 2.5 nm between 2 aircraft on the same localiser providing certain runway conditions are met, such as availability of fast exit.

52
Q

Flight Plan/Flight Rules

I

V

Y

Z

A

I IRF

V VFR

Y IFR > VFR

Z VFR > IFR

53
Q

Droppable containers and packages

Red

Blue

Yellow

Black

A

Red - Medical and first aid

Blue - Food and Water

Yellow - Blankets and clothing

Black - Misc, e.g. stoves, compasses

54
Q

Minimum heights

Over congested areas

Elsewhere

A

Over congested areas:

Adequate to permit a landing in the event of an emergency without undue hazard to property or persons on the surface.

Not less than 300m (1000ft) above highest obstacle within 600m.

Elsewhere:

Not less than 150m (500ft) above the ground or water.

55
Q

Longitudinal separation: Mach

A

10 mins (80 nm) if same speed

9 mins if aircraft in front is M0.02 faster

8 mins if aircraft in front is M0.03 faster

7 mins if aircraft in front is M0.04 faster

6 mins if aircraft in front is M0.05 faster

5 mins if aircraft in front is M0.06 faster

56
Q

Investigation - Participation

A

Initiated by State of Occurrence

State of Design and State of Manufacture to provide representatives when requested if aircraft mass > 2250kg.

Any state which, on request, provides information, facilities or experts is entitled to appoint a representative.

57
Q

Wx minima for VFR take-off and ldgs
(and to enter traffic pattern):

A

450m (1500ft) and 5km (1500m SVFR/3000m EASA)

58
Q

Definition of an Incident:

A

An occurrence other than an accident which affects or could affect the safety of operation.

59
Q

ICAO

When formed, and role…

A

Formed as a result of Article 43, in 1947

Maintains the 18 Annexes of Article 37

60
Q

Definition of Accident:

A
  1. A person is fatally or seriously injured.
  2. Aircraft sustains damage or structural failure.
  3. Aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible.
61
Q

VFR requires an ATC service when:

A
  • in Class B, C and D
  • part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome
  • SVFR
62
Q

ICAO Annex 15: AIS

Availability:

A

Availability - if not 24 hrs, for period of flight +/- 2 hrs

63
Q

IFR Minimum levels

A

300m (1000ft) above highest obstacle within 8km

(600m (2000ft) over high terrain)

64
Q

Separation of arriving aircraft:

A

No take-offs in arrival 45° after procedure turn or < 5mins

Outside of arrival 45°: 3 mins

65
Q

Altimeter test - should show datum (QNH/QFE):

A

+/- 60 ft for altimeters with a test range of 0-30 000ft

+/- 80 ft for altimeters with a test range of 0-50 000ft

66
Q

Wake Turbulence Separation Minima

Arrivals - Distance:

A

Behind Super: 6, 7, 8 nm

Behind Heavy: 4, 5, 6 nm

Behind Medium: 5 nm

67
Q

Parallel Runway Ops

Near parallel runways

MAP track divergence

A

Rules apply equally to near parallel runways (<15°).

Missed approach track must diverge by at least 30° as soon as practicable.

68
Q

ICAO Approach Procedures

Instrument Approach: 5 segments

A

Arrival

Initial

Intermediate

Final

Missed Approach

69
Q

ICAO Council

Role

Assisted by 4 committees

A

ICAO Council adopts SARPs

Assisted by:

Air Navigation Commission - technical matters

(drafts SARPs)

Air Transport Committee - economic matters

Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services

Finance Committee

70
Q

Intermediate Approach Segment

Obstacle clearance:

A

Obstacle clearance reduces from 300m (984 ft) to 150m (492 ft) in the Primary Area.

71
Q

ICAO Annex 1 - Personnel Licensing

Medical Classes

A

Class 1: CPL, ATPL, Flight Engineers

Class 2: PPL, glider pilots, free ballloon pilots

Class 3: ATC

72
Q

Documents carried

A

Certificate of registration

Certificate of airworthiness

Crew licenses

Radio license

Pax manifest

Cargo manifest

Journey Log book

73
Q

Water on Runway

Definitions

A

DAMP- change of colour

WET - surface soaked

WATER PATCHES - standing water visible

FLOODED - extensive standing water

74
Q

Contaminated Runway:

Definition

A

More than 25% of the runway covered > 3mm water or slush

Loose snow > 20 mm

Compacted snow or ice

75
Q

Ice and Snow

Classifications

A

DRY SNOW

WET SNOW

SLUSH

76
Q

Loss of Comms

VFR:

IFR:

A

VFR: continue VMC, land at nearest suitable, report to ATC

IFR:

continue at last assigned speed and level for 7 mins (20 mins if outside radar cover).

If being radar vectored, rejoin current flight plan NLT next significant point.

UK specifies 3 mins, then rejoin flight plan.

Commence approach at Expected Approach Time (EAT) or Flight Plan ETA.

77
Q

Runway Holding Positions

A

Hold at the designated runway holding position or:

50m from the runway edge if runway >900m

30m from the runway edge if runway <900m

78
Q

Provision of nav facilities.

A

Article 28 requires that nav facilities must be provided by the contracting states.

79
Q

Annexes to the ICAO Convention

1

6

8

9

11

14

17

A

1 Personnel Licensing

6 Operation of Aircraft

8 Airworthiness – renewed/valid subject to the laws of the state of registry.

9 Facilitation: entry and departure of persons and their baggage in international flights.

11 ATS

14 Aerodromes

17 Security measures for passengers, all baggage & airport design.

80
Q

Light Signals

Steady/flashing green

Flashing white

Steady/flashing red

A
81
Q

Chicago Convention 1944

Articles

Annexes

2 Agreements

A

Attended by 52 states and resulted in 96 articles outlining general principles and providing authority for international aviation structures.

Article 37: 18 Annexes detailing Standards and Recommended Procedures (SARPs)

Also produced:

the International Air Services Transit Agreement

the International Air Transport Agreement

82
Q

AIC Colours

White: Admin

Yellow: Ops/ATC

Pink: Safety

Green: Maps/Charts

Mauve: UK restriction

A

White: Admin

Yellow: Ops/ATC

Pink: Safety

Green: Maps/Charts

Mauve: UK restrictions

83
Q

Runway Holding Position Markings

Pattern A:

Pattern B:

A

Pattern A: last holding position before runway

Pattern B: CAT II and III holding position

84
Q

Final Approach Segment

Starts/ends

Descent gradient

A

Begins at the Final Approach Point (ILS/MLS) or the FAF.

FAP is on ILS/MLS centreline where the glide path intercepts approach altitude.

Normally occurs between 300m (984 ft) and 900m (2955 ft).

FAF should not be more than 10 nm from the landing surface.

Ends at MAPt.

Optimum descent gradient is 5.2% (3°)

Minimum is 2.5°

Maximum is 3.7° (Cat A and B), 3.5° (Cat C, D and E)

ILS Cat II and III must be 3°

85
Q

ICAO Annex 14: Aerodromes

Reference Field Length

A

Reference Field Length

1: <800m
2: 800m to <1200m
3: 1200m to < 1800m
4: 1800m+

86
Q

Class Ratings - cover groups of similar light aircraft

EASA Class ratings include:

Valid for:

A

SE piston

ME piston

All touring motor gliders

Each manufacturer of SE turboprops

Type Ratings and ME Class Ratings are valid for 1 year.

SE Class Ratings are valid for 2 years.

Valid from date of issue.

87
Q

Purpose of ATS

A
  1. Prevent collisions between aircraft;
  2. Prevent collisions between aircraft and obstructions on the manoeuvring area;
  3. Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of traffic;
  4. Provide advice and info for safe and efficient conduct of the flight;
  5. Provide alerting service.
88
Q

Runway Strip Width

A

75m for code 1 or 2

150m for code 3 or 4

…on each side of the centreline.

89
Q

ATS Route Designators

Y

Z

A

ATS Route Designators

Y - RNP1 above FL200, turns within radius of 22.5nm

Z - RNP1 above FL190, turns within radius of 15nm

90
Q

Omnidirectional departure:

A

Straight ahead to 120 m (394 ft) then turn onto desired track.

91
Q

FCL Validity - EASA licenses are valid for:

A

life

92
Q

ATPL(A)

Minimum/max age:

Medical:

Privileges:

Experience

Minimum hours:

PIC

x-country

IF

night

ATPL skills test

A

Minimum age: 21

Cannot be PIC after 60/max 65

Medical: Class 1 required

Privileges: act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in commercial air transport

Experience

Minimum hours: 1500 hrs (100 hrs sim allowed, of which not more than 25 hrs procedures trainer)

EASA requires 500 hrs multi-pilot

250 hrs PIC, which can include 70 hrs PICUS

200 hours x-country, which can include 100 hrs PICUS

75 hours IF (30 hrs sim allowed)

100 hrs night as PIC or co-pilot

ATPL skills test flown as PIC of a 2-pilot aircraft IFR

93
Q

CPL

Minimum age:

Medical:

Privileges:

Experience

Minimum hours:

x-country

IF

Night:

A

Minimum age: 18

Medical: Class 1 required

Privileges: act as PIC of any single-pilot air transport aircraft or a 2-pilot aircraft not engaged in commercial air transport

Experience

Minimum hours: 200 hrs for modular candidates/150 hrs after an integrated course

20 hrs x-country, inc. one of 300 nm with 2 x full-stop landings.

10 hrs IF (5 hrs simulated allowed)

If license to be used at night: 5 hrs night, inc. 5 take-offs and ldgs as PIC

94
Q

IR

Validity

x-country

A

Not permitted to act as pilot in command or copilot without an IR if operating IFR.

IR - valid for 1 year

50 hours x-country as PIC (10 in aeroplanes)

95
Q

Instructor and Examiner Ratings

Validity:

A

Validity: All Instructor and Examiner Ratings are valid for 3 years

96
Q

Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)

Terminal Arrival Altitude (TAA)

A

Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)

300m (984 ft) obstacle clearance within 25 nm of the facility.

Sectors are Mag Tracks.

Terminal Arrival Altitude (TAA)

Based upon the IAF (or the Intermediate Fix)

5nm buffer area.

97
Q

Composite Separation

A

Allows vertical and horizontal separation requirements to be reduced but never to less than half the standard value.

98
Q

Longitudinal separation: distance

Same level:

Climbing/descending:

A

Same level: 20 nm/10 nm if frequent fixes and lead aircraft >20kts+

Climbing/descending: 10 nm/15 mins

99
Q

Distress Transmissions

ELT:

HF:

A

ELT: 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz

HF: 2182 KHz and 4125 KHz

100
Q

Airspace

Levels and dimensions

FIR

UIR

CTA

CTZ

A

FIR - up to FL245

(provides a FIS and Alerting Service)

UIR - above FL245

(procedures need not be the same as the FIR)

CTA - at least 5nm from aerodrome, lower limit 200m (700ft) (also TMA - Europe/TCA - US)

CTZ - at least 5nm from aerodrome, to ground

101
Q

Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC)

A

Increases from departure end of runway at 0.8% of the distance flown (turns <15°)

Turns <15° requires a ‘turning area’ to be constructed - MOC is at least 90m (294 ft)

102
Q

EC Directive 94/56

A

Adopts ICAO Annex 13 into EU law.

103
Q

Illumination of Signs

A

Must be iluminated when:

RVR < 800m

At night (instrument runways)

At night - non-instrument runways when the code is 3 or 4

104
Q

EC Directive 2003/42

A

EC Directive 2003/42 - relates to occurrence reporting

105
Q

ASHTAM

Colours

A

Red: Ash expected above FL250

Orange: Ash not expected above FL250

Yellow: Volcano active, not currently dangerous

Green: Activity ceased

106
Q

Sea Survival Equipment

Life jackets or flotation required when:

Life rafts and flares required when:

A

Life jackets or flotation required when:

ME aircraft operate > 50nm from shore.

SE aircraft beyond gliding distance of the shore.

Taking-off over water and a mishap likely to entail ditching.

Life rafts and flares required when:

ME aircraft operate >120 mins cruise speed/400nm from land suitable for landing.

For SE aircraft, this reduces to 30 mins/100 nm.

107
Q

SIGMET/AIRMET

AIRMET

SIGMET

A

AIRMET - warning of weather conditions at low level, normal up to FL100

SIGMET - warning for traffic at medium and upper levels

CPL-IR (5 decks)

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