Flight Operations Manual Flashcards
What are the contamination effects on an aircraft
Reduce lift by 30% and drag by 40%.
Decrease CLmax by 25-30% and AOA stall by 5-7 degrees
Dry snow definition
Snow with limited water content. Normally flies into a cloud when kicked and dissipates rapidly. OAT is generally below (-1°C). May become “wet” if exposed to bright sun.
What is clear, rime or mixed ice?
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Wet snow definition
Snow with sufficient moisture to pack easily; will roll up when a foot is pushed through it. Does not fly into a cloud when kicked, nor splash when stomped. OAT is generally -1°C or above.
Compacted snow definition
Either wet or dry snow that has been compacted by plowing or other means, and has the appearance of a smooth surface. Compacted snow may have a glossy appearance in bright sunlight.
Slush definition
Soft and mushy. Water drips off the palm when the palm is placed on the snow and lifted off.
When and how must you report braking action conditions?
Report braking action anytime braking action advisories are in effect, conditions differ from forecasted or reported, or when safe operation is otherwise affected. Report only your findings, not reports from other sources. Describe runway, taxiway, and gate/ramp conditions (e.g., clear, ice, patch, amount of surface covered, wet, dry, wet snow, etc.)
When taxiing, or near the end of landing roll, just after returning the thrust levers to forward idle, depress brake pedals toward full deflection. If brake response is
• “good,” discontinue the assessment and make a report to the tower.
• less than “good,” continue brake application to full pedal deflection and assess the braking response. Report to tower using terms “fair,” “poor,” or “nil” as described earlier.
Definition of GOOD braking conditions
More braking is available than will be used in an average airliner deceleration. Expect slight increases over certified stopping distances for maximum energy stops.
Definition of FAIR braking conditions
Fair or medium amount of deceleration is felt during full brake application. Sufficient braking and cornering force is available for a well-flown, on-speed landing using light braking. Crosswind and tailwind components are important factors.
What is Hoar frost and when will it form?
Less than 3 degree dew point spread
Sub freezing fuel even when the ambient temperature is a over freezing
Calm clear nights the temperature at the ground or surface can become much cooler than the reported temperature
What is anime frost and when will it occur?
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Cold soaked fuel
Flight at high altitude the fuel becomes sub freezing. Cools the wing and will freeze the wing and cause clear ice to form when entering visible moisture even when OAT is above freezing conditions
Permissible amount of accumulation for takeoff
Maximum 1/8th inch layer or frost
Maximum 1/16th inch layer of ice
ONLY ON UNDERSIDE of the wing
Maximum 1/8th inch layer of frost on the fuselage
What should you do to minimize contamination formation during ground operations
Keep taxi speed to a minimum
Monitor flap indications when flaps in transit
Minimize and avoid use of thrust reverser
Maintain more distance from aircraft in front of you
After landing keep flaps at 20 degrees or more
Definition of POOR braking conditions
Small amount of deceleration is felt during full brake application. While a safe Poor (U.S.) landing and stop can be accomplished, all other factors must be favorable.
Crosswind and tailwind components are critical factors.
Definition of Nil braking conditions
No apparent deceleration during full brake application. Extremely slippery with poor directional control even while taxiing.
What must be done if the onboard weather radar fails inflight
If the radar fails after dispatch, advise ATC and OCC of the failure and obtain the latest convective weather information from appropriate sources. The flight may continue provided an alternate route clear of thunderstorm or hazardous weather conditions can be flown.
When is the onboard weather radar required prior to being dispatched
Radar is required anytime a flight will be conducted under IFR or night VFR conditions, and there is forecasted or reported convective activity along the intended route of flight.
• Note •
A flight may be dispatched with radar inoperative if an alternate routing can be selected that keeps the
aircraft clear of hazardous or convective activity.
Weather requirements for takeoff
Source: 121.651; Ops Spec C56, C78
No pilot may begin a takeoff in an airplane under IFR unless the reported prevailing visibility or the RVR equivalent is at or above:
• Published weather minimums;
• When takeoff weather minimums are not published, standard takeoff minimums, or;
• Lower than standard takeoff weather minimums authorized per PSA Operations Specifications.
