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AFOQT > Flight > Flashcards

Flight Flashcards

1
Q

Force necessary to overcome gravitational force to keep the airplane flying is termed?

A

Lift

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2
Q

Ailerons are used primarily to?

A

Roll the airplane

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3
Q

Empennage - definition

A

Tail section of the a/c

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4
Q

What do airfoils control?

A 
Lift
Direction 
Stability 
Thrust 
Propulsion
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5
Q

What is a monoplane?

A

Plane with one pair of wings

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6
Q

What do flaps do? When are they used?

A

Move downward together to increase lift during takeoffs and landings

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7
Q

Platform definition

A

Shape of the wings viewed from above

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8
Q

Dihedral definition and purpose

A

Dihedral angle is the angle at which the wings connect to the fuselage. The purpose is to add roll stability - a wing with dihedral will naturally return to its original position after initial displacement. Fighter planes may have no dihedral or even anhedral to be more maneuverable

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9
Q

What color are runway lights?

A

White

Yellow the last half or last 600 meters, whichever is less

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10
Q

What color are AirPort taxiway lights?

A

Blue

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12
Q

What is a cowling? What does it do?

A

Removable cover of the aircraft engine.

Helps cool the engine
Reduces drag

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13
Q

Ailerons are located

A

On the outer edge of the wings

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14
Q

Pitch makes the airplane

A

Go up and down

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15
Q

Bank makes the airplane?

A

Roll or turn

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16
Q

The four aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane are?

A

Drag, lift, thrust, and weight

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17
Q

An airplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively…?

A

Positive (high) air pressure below the wings and negative (low) pressure above the wings

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18
Q

Flight instruments

A

Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Attitude indicator
Vertical velocity indicator

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19
Q

Altimeter

A

Altitude (feet) above sea level

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20
Q

Engine instruments

A

Tachometer

Ammeter

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21
Q

Attitude

A

False horizon

Attitude of airplane relative to true horizon

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22
Q

Vertical velocity / vertical speed indicator (VVI / VSI)

A

How many feet per minute climbing or diving

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23
Q

Ammeter

A

Battery power

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24
Q

Forces acting on aircraft in steady flight condition (no change in speed or flight path)

A

Lift equals weight

Thrust equals drag

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25
Q

A flashing green air traffic control signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is a signal that the pilot ?

A

Is cleared to taxi

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26
Q

Steady red light signal from the tower to aircraft approaching to land?

A

Airport is unsafe for landing

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27
Q

Propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other side to?

A

produce thrust

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28
Q

What makes an airplane turn?

A

Horizontal component of lift (centripetal force)

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29
Q

When in the down (extended) position, wing flaps provide?

A

Greater lift and more drag

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30
Q

What is one advantage of an airplane said to be inherently stable?

A

Airplane will require less effort to control

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31
Q

If the elevator trim tabs on the airplane are lowered, the plane will tend to?

A

Nose up

Opposite of elevators

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32
Q

The pilot always advances the throttle during a

A

Climb

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33
Q

The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the

A

Ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator

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34
Q

It is ordinarily desirable to provide an unusually long flight strip at municipal airports for the takeoff of?

A

Heavily loaded aircraft in still air

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35
Q

A closed runway is marked on an airfield diagram with?

A

XXX

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36
Q

Over run is marked in an airfield with?

A

> > >

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37
Q

The rearward retarding force of airplane drag is opposed by?

A

Thrust

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38
Q

Airport taxiways are identified at night by omnidirectional edge lights in what color?

A

Blue

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39
Q

The angle formed by the chord of an airfoil and the direction of the relative wind is called the?

A

Angle of attack

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40
Q

Aircraft structure

A 
Fuselage 
Wings (w/ ailerons and flaps)
Empennage (tail)
Landing gear 
Power plant
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41
Q

Empennage parts

A

Fixed : vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer

Movable: +rudder, elevator, trimtabs

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42
Q

Power plant parts

A

Engine
Propeller
Cowling

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43
Q

Propeller creates?

A

Thrust

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44
Q

What does the rudder do?

A

Moves the airplane nose left and right (yaw)

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45
Q

What does the elevator do?

A

Moves airplane nose up and down

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46
Q

Atmospheric pressure has what effect?

A

Can help lift the airplane; accentuated some flight instruments

47
Q

Air density…?

A

Effects airplane capability

48
Q

Less dense air reduces…

A

Reduces power, thrust, and lift

49
Q

Newton’s 1st Law of motion

A

Law of Inertia - a body at rest remains at rest

50
Q

Newtons 2nd law of motion

A

Force = mass X acceleration
when m is constant (baseball, not rocket)

When m is not constant, force equals the change in momentum over change in time
F = (m1 * V1 - m0 * V0) / (t1 - t0)

51
Q

Newtons 3rd law of motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Applies to engine thrust, airfoil / wing lift, and spinning ball - Magnus effect

52
Q

Increasing air temperature…?

A

Decreases air density

53
Q

Magnus effect

A

Low pressure upward force

54
Q

Axes of flight

A

Longitudinal - roll
Vertical - yaw
Lateral - Pitch

55
Q

Pitch

A 
Lateral axis (through wings)
Nose and tail up and down elevators
56
Q

Roll

A

Longitudinal axis (through body) wings up and down, ailerons

57
Q

Yaw

Axis, movement, controller

A

Axis: Vertical axis (up and down).
Motion: Wings side to side
Control: Rudder

58
Q

Rudder control

A

Push left pedal, rudder Moves left, moves tail right and nose left

59
Q

Secondary flight controls

A

Flaps, spoilers, leading edge devices, trims

60
Q

What do trim tabs do?

A

Relive pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on flight controls

61
Q

Altimeter hands

A

Short - 10,000’s feet
Middle- 1,000’s feet
Long- 100’s feet

62
Q

Air moving over the wing

A

Moves faster than air moving under the wing

63
Q

When taking off into headwind the result will be

A

Shorter takeoff distance and increased climb angle

64
Q

As altitude increases, an airplane must ?

A

Fly Faster

65
Q

Turbulence is caused by

A

Convective air currents, obstructions to wind flow, wind shear

66
Q

Level turns

A 
All 4 primary controls are used
Rudder
Elevators
Throttle
Ailerons
67
Q

Moving the control wheel or stick to the right will cause the right aileron to

A

Rotate forward / deflect up, decreasing the angle of attack, reducing lift, and reducing drag

( the left aileron will rotate down, increasing lift, etc.)

68
Q

Mach refers to

A

The speed of sound

69
Q

If the radius of a turn decreases the

A

Positive g-forces are increased

70
Q

Which two flight controls are used to control the rate of a turn

A

Elevator and ailerons

71
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

Extends lengthwise from nose to tail

72
Q

Moving the control stick right or left affects which aircraft controls?

A

Ailerons

73
Q

Tachometer

A

Not a flight instrument!!

Indicates the speed at which the engine crankshaft is rotating (RPM’s)

74
Q

Compass headings

A 
360 = north
90 = easy
180 = south
270 = west
75
Q

What is a ammeter? What does a negative value mean?

A

Instrument that measures electric current - monitors if alternator/generator is providing enough power.

Negative - more power being drawn from battery than being replaced. malfunction of alternator/generator

Positive - charging rate of the battery. malfunction of regulator

76
Q

Thrust vs propulsion

A

Thrust is a mechanical force (vector value). Overcomes drag or weight. all thrust is generated through some application of Newton’s third law of motion

The propulsion system must be in physical contact with a working fluid to produce thrust.

77
Q

Nacelle

A

Nacelle; functions the same as a cowling but on a multi-engine plane: streamlines airflow around and helps cool the engine

78
Q

Universal Gravitation (Newton)

A

Two objects attract each other with a force proportional to the product of their masses; inversely proportional to the distance squared

79
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

Re: Airfoils. The faster a fluid travels over a surface the less time it has to exert pressure on any given part of that surface; I.e., as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases.

80
Q

How are stalls caused, detected, and recovered from?

A

Angle of attack is too steep to generate lift. Airflow separates from the wing’s upper surface beginning at the trailing edge. This allows reverse airflow (eddies) to creep in that presses down on the wing.

Detected by mushiness in controls or slight buffeting of the aircraft.

Recover by reducing angle of attack below the stalling angle.

81
Q

Induced Drag

A

Drag produced by wing that is parallel to the relative wind. Causes effective lift to angle up and back instead of straight up.

82
Q

Atmospheric Composition

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other gasses

83
Q

Three main ways pilot controls the aircraft

A

Joystick / control wheel, rudder pedals, throttle

84
Q

What does the joystick control?

A

Roll (ailerons) and pitch (elevator)

85
Q

What do rudder pedals control?

A

Yaw

86
Q

Adverse yaw

A

The downward deflected aileron during a roll produces more drag. This causes the nose to yaw in the direction of the raised wing. The rudder is used to correct for this.

87
Q

How are spoilers used?

A
  1. Eliminate adverse yaw: when banking right, the right spoilers can be raised to create more drag on that side
  2. Descend without gaining speed: spoilers on both wings are used simultaneously
  3. Shorting ground roll after landing: destroy lift and transfer weight to the wheels, improving breaking efficiency
88
Q

True Altitude

A

Vertical distance of the airplane above sea level (feet above mean sea level)

89
Q

Absolute Altitude

A

Vertical feet above the terrain / ground

90
Q

Pressure Altitude / Density Altitude

A

Altitude indicated when the altimeter barometric scale is adjusted to 29.92. Used to compute true altitude and true airspeed. DA is PA corrected for variations from standard temperature. Four factors that affect density altitude are altitude, atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature.

91
Q

Hypoxia

A

Condition caused by insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream. Impaired reaction, confused thinking, poor judgement, fatigue, and headaches. Cause lose consciousness or lead to death.

92
Q

At what elevation(s) is oxygen needed

A

FAA - > 12,500 ft

Military flight ops - > 10,000 ft

93
Q

Turbofan engine parts and usage

A

Inlet / diffuser (slows air), compressor, combustion zone, turbine, and nozzle. Common to civilian and military planes.

94
Q

Pitot Tubes

A

Part of the airspeed indicator. Measure Pitot Pressure

95
Q

Ramjet engine parts and usage

A

Inlet, combustion zone, and nozzle
No moving parts, e.g., compressors or turbines
Used to achieve supersonic speeds; typically missals; cannot be used from dead stop.

96
Q

What is Static Pressure?

A

The undisturbed atmospheric pressure at level flight (measured by the airspeed indicator). Pstatic = Ppitot when the aircraft is on the ground in calm air. Pstatic < Ppitot when the airplane is moving in the air

97
Q

White Arc

A

Flap operating range. Speed at which airplane operates in during approaches and landings. Lower limit is the stall speed when the flaps are fully extended. The upper limit is the maximum speed airplane should go when flaps are fully extended.

98
Q

Green Arc

A

Airspeed range in which airplanes normally operate. Lower limit is the stall speed or minimum steady flight speed in a specified configuration (flaps, etc.). Upper limit is the maximum structural cruising speed (do NOT exceed except in smooth air).

99
Q

Yellow Arc

A

Higher airspeed than green or white - CAUTION RANGE. Fly within this range only in smooth air.

100
Q

Red Line

A

Never exceed airspeed. Operating above is prohibited – may cause structural failure.

101
Q

Turn indicators

A

Turn-and-slip indicator: rate of turn in degrees per second; (initially shows roll rate)
Turn coordinator: shows airplane yaw; i.e., slipping turn vs. skidding turn vs. coordinated turn. Tells you if rudder correction is needed: “step on the ball”

Together they are backup for attitude indicator.

102
Q

Best rate of climb vs best angle of climb

A

Best rate: most gain in altitude in given amount of time (used after takeoff to reach cruising speed)
Best angle: most gain in altitude in given distance (used during takeoff to clear obstacles)

103
Q

Three flight controls of rotary wing aircraft

A

Cyclic - longitudinal and lateral movement (i.e., main rotor tilt)
Collective - controls pitch & engine torque (i.e., angle of the main rotor blades)
Directional control system - controls tail rotor torque (i.e., pitch of the tail rotor blades controlled by foot pedals)

104
Q

Torque control

A

Achieved by the tail rotor on a rotary-wing aircraft. Compensates for the helicopter fuselage’s tendency to rotate in the opposite direction from the rotor.

105
Q

What does moving the cyclic forward do?

A

Tilts of the main rotor forward, moving the helicopter forward

106
Q

What does raising the Collective do?

A

Causes the helicopter to ascend. May require an equal increase in pressure on the tail rotor pedal to counteract the additional engine power (torque) needed to maintain same RPMs.

107
Q

Acceleration experienced by the aircraft and its pilot in the direction perpendicular to the wing is solely determined by ___?

A

Bank angle

108
Q

The acceleration experienced by the aircraft and its pilot in the dirction perpendicular to the wing is soley determined by ___?

A

Bank Angle

109
Q

The flight envelope of an aircraft is

A

region of altitude and airspeed in which it can be operated

110
Q

Delta wing aircraft have have no

A

horizontal stabilizer (function is performed by the wings)

111
Q

Helicopter’s cyclic control is used to change the pitch of the main rotor blades ____

A

at a select point in its circular pathway.

112
Q

Ogival structure

A

Type of delta wing aircraft

113
Q

Canard

A

Small forewing placed ahead of the main wings

AFOQT (4 decks)

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