[Fletcher] Book Cards

Question 1

Define: Regression to the Mean

Answer 1

Initial testing would give extreme values, yet normalize when tested again

Question 2

Define: Risk Factor

Answer 2

Characteristics associated with an increased chance of becoming diseased

Question 3

Exposure to risk factors can be described as being? (2)

Answer 3

Acute

Chronic

Question 4

Define: Long Latency

Answer 4

Long period between exposure to manifestation of the disease

Question 5

Main importance of risk factors

Answer 5

Predict the occurrence of disease

Question 6

[T/F] Presence of a strong risk factor will mean that an individual is very likely to get the disease

Answer 6

F

Question 7

Risk factor that does not cause disease

Answer 7

Marker

Question 8

What is the best predictor of future major disease?

Answer 8

Existing minor disease

Question 9

Most risk studies are what kind of studies?

Answer 9

Observational Studies

Specifically cohort studies or case control studies

Question 10

[Characteristic in Common of Cohort]

Life expectancy for people aged 70

What is the cohort used to assess the effect of?

Answer 10

Age

Assess effect of: Age

Question 11

[Characteristic in Common of Cohort]

Tuberculosis rates for people born in 1910

What is the cohort used to assess the effect of?

Answer 11

Date of Birth

Assess effect of: Calendar Time

Question 12

[Characteristic in Common of Cohort]

Lung cancer in people who smoke

What is the cohort used to assess the effect of?

Answer 12

Exposure

Assess effect of: Risk Factor

Question 13

[Characteristic in Common of Cohort]

Survival rate for patients with Breast Cancer

What is the cohort used to assess the effect of?

Answer 13

Disease

Assess effect of: Prognosis

Question 14

[Characteristic in Common of Cohort]

Reduction in incidence of pneumonia after pneumococcal vaccination

What is the cohort used to assess the effect of?

Answer 14

Preventive Intervention

Assess effect of: Prevention

Question 15

[Characteristic in Common of Cohort]

Treatment in survival for patients with Hodgkin’s disease given combination chemotherapy

What is the cohort used to assess the effect of?

Answer 15

Therapeutic Intervention

Assess effect of: Treatment

Question 16

This type of study is assembled in the present and followed into the future

Answer 16

Concurrent Cohort Study

Question 17

This type of study is identified from past records and followed forward from that time up to the present

Answer 17

Historical Cohort Study

Question 18

Most important scientific disadvantage of observational studies

Answer 18

Subject to a great many more potential biases than any other experiment

Question 19

Formula: Relative Risk

Answer 19

Incidence in Exposed Persons / Incidence in Nonexposed Persons

Question 20

When is attributable risk more useful as an indicator compared to relative risk?

Answer 20

In most clinical situations, attributable risk is more meaningful since it gives the actual additional probability of disease

Question 21

When is relative risk more useful as an indicator compared to attributable risk?

Answer 21

More useful for expressing the strength of a causal relationship