Flaws Flashcards
Causation fallacy
Mistaking correlation for causation
Fallacy of exclusivity
Mistaking a list of options for all possible options. Tip offs: options, factors, strong conclusion
Fallacy of the inverse
Mistakes that if you can’t have the sufficient condition, you can’t have the necessary condition
Fallacy of the converse
Mistakes that if you have the necessary condition, you will have the sufficient condition
Equivocation fallacy
Argument passes off two different ideas as the same thing
Sampling fallacy
Draws a mistaken conclusion from too small of a sampling pool, bad samples, respondents have a reason to lie. Tip offs: samples, surveys, polls, research studies, generalizations in premises
Faulty analogy
Compares two things that are not similar
Incomplete comparison
Comparing two things but not having enough information to compare them
Ad Hominem
Justifies conclusion by attacking the inconsistent character/behavior of person lending advice
Composition fallacy
Justifies a conclusion by suggesting that a whole is just like its parts (or parts are just like whole). Tip off: item with parts, group, people, collective, nation
Absence of evidence fallacy
Justifying a conclusion by pointing to the fact that there isn’t evidence AGAINST the claim (can’t prove it’s false = it’s true)
Temporal fallacy
Justifying a claim that because something has happened in the past, it will happen again in the future as it did back then
Logical force fallacy
A conclusion is drawn using language that is too stron to justify the premise
Perception vs. reality fallacy
Tip off: what people say, believe or think. Conclusion is drawn from evidence that can’t be expected to actually scientifically justify the claim
Percentage vs. amount fallacy
Claims about percentages are used to justify claims about definite amounts. Tip off: percentages, proportions, likelihoods, market share
