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Intro to Communication > Flashcards > Flashcards

Flashcards

1
Q

abbreviated outline

A

an outline using short phrases and allows you to glance at key words and phrases rather than complete sentences; deliver presentation in a dynamic and conversational manner

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2
Q

abstract

A

intangibles; (love, honor, moral)

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3
Q

ad hominem

A

someone argues against something by attacking the person who made the argument rather than the argument itself

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4
Q

adaptors

A

movements that you engage in to relieve stress or anxiety

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5
Q

affect displays

A

nonverbal movements that reveal emotion

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6
Q

affection needs

A

our need for others to approve of us and affirm our value or identity

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7
Q

ambiguous intitiation

A

making contact with someone, but not making your intent or desired form of relationship clear

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8
Q

appeal to misplaced authority

A

basing an argument on the expertise of a person from a field unrelated to the argument

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9
Q

artifacts

A

adornments one displays on or around their physical person

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10
Q

assurances (relationship maintenance strategy)

A

a type of relationship maintenance; stressing commitment and implying that the relationship has a future

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11
Q

asynchronous communication

A

outside of the constraints of time and place (email, uploaded videos)

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12
Q

attribution error

A

interpreting our own or others’ behavior by relying on faulty explanations

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13
Q

bad apple effect

A

the impact of having even one ineffective team member

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14
Q

behavioral intention

A

an individual’s idea of how he or she will act

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15
Q

bias and judgement

A

not listening due to a preconceived notion about someone over gender, language use, sex, or other factors

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16
Q

bias-free language

A

communicates respect through being sensitive to others’ sex, race, age, physical condition, and more

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17
Q

biological factors

A

height, weight, senses, and other biological elements that can effect how you perceive and take in the world

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18
Q

blind

A

second quadrant; things about us we don’t see, but others do

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19
Q

boomerang effect

A

an audience rejects recommendations and becomes even more entrenched in their current beliefs

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20
Q

brainstorming

A

the generation of as many ideas as possible in a short period of time

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21
Q

brief report

A

short and highly structured overview of a very specific topic

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22
Q

cause and effect speech

A

structured around a causal relationships between events or things

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23
Q

channel

A

a medium for sending a message (text, document, email, phone call); the channel used often affects the process and outcome of communication

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24
Q

chronemics

A

the way we use time and messages we communicate as a result of how we manage our time

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25
Q

chronological speech

A

for how-to speeches, step by step presentation

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26
Q

chronological

A

represented by different moments in time; how to

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27
Q

citation

A

verbal reference to your source

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28
Q

closure

A

way of organizing; ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception

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29
Q

co-cultures

A

reflect the similarities of members of particular groups that exist under the umbrella culture

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30
Q

coercive power

A

power associated with the ability to punish someone for not complying

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31
Q

collectivism

A

value their membership in their particular group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group than their role as an individual

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32
Q

communication overload

A

the connections one has with others and information via multiple communication modes becomes overwhelming

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33
Q

communication

A

the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of stimulating particular meaning in the minds of others

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34
Q

competent communication

A

involves being alert and aware of what behaviors are appropriate in light of the context, building and developing communication skills, motivation

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35
Q

connection and autonomy

A

a type of dialectical tension; the balance between being with each other and being alone

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36
Q

connotative meanings

A

the contextual meanings associated with words

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37
Q

context

A

the environment and situation in which communication occurs

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38
Q

control needs

A

the extent to which relationships help us feel confident as individuals and influential over others

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39
Q

counterarguments

A

dismantle any potential objections from your audience or other speakers

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40
Q

credible

A

comes from credible sources and is consistent with other accepted and proven facts

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41
Q

critical thinking

A

internal process of assessing the communicator, context, and message and producing a reasoned conclusion

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42
Q

culture

A

this is influenced by similarities that exist between people who share values and beliefs, lifestyles, products, and rules

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43
Q

current internal states

A

hungry, tired, fearful, and more emotions like this effect how you may be able to communicate when in these states

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44
Q

cyberstalking

A

using the internet to threaten or communicate in unwanted ways with others

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45
Q

deciding

A

a sender selects a message to send to a receiver to achieve a desired outcome; the sender is also the source

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46
Q

decoding

A

the receiver translates the symbols of words, sounds, or gestures and assigns them to thoughts or feelings; opposite of encoding

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47
Q

deductive reasoning

A

begins with general claims and moves to a specific instance

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48
Q

definitional speech

A

argues the basic identification or classification of a thing

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49
Q

demonstration

A

provides how-to advice

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50
Q

denotative meanings

A

universal definitions of words that have been agreed upon

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51
Q

devil terms

A

terms that invoke negativity

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52
Q

dialectical tension

A

tension between two competing and contradicting forces; push-pull

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53
Q

digital media

A

digital codes including digitized photographs, video, or written words of which a tremendous amount can be stored in a very small space

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54
Q

digitally mediated communication

A

we may over-rely on this type of communication; it can cause us to sacrifice communication for mere connection, and suffer from an information overload, as we cannot process and respond to all of the messages we receive

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55
Q

direct initiation

A

clearly letting the other person know what type of relationship they are interested in

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56
Q

dyadic relationships

A

two individuals in a relationship

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57
Q

effective communication

A

determine how to deliver messages to best understand and predict the needs and responses of others and be responsive to their feedback

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58
Q

effective self-presentation

A

set a goal, create a strategy, execute and evaluate, modify negative perceptions

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59
Q

electronic aggression

A

use of media to threaten, target, or embarrass another person

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60
Q

emblems

A

nonverbal movements that substitute for words and verbalization

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61
Q

empathy

A

the ability to perceive another’s messages through his or her worldview and experiences

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62
Q

encoding

A

the sender assigns symbols such as words, sounds, or gestures to his or her thoughts and feelings

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63
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s own culture and lifestyle is superior to all others

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64
Q

ethos

A

the credibility of a speaker; accurate and trustworthy in their communication

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65
Q

euphemism

A

a polite expression to substitute for a term that lacks social acceptability

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66
Q

expert power

A

you believe someone and do as they ask because you believe they know more than you do about something

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67
Q

external factors

A

events that happen outside of the human psyche (car accidents, car trouble, death in the family)

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68
Q

factual speech

A

argues for the truth or falsity of an idea

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69
Q

fallacy

A

a description of a way in which an argument can go wrong

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70
Q

fear appeals

A

seek to influence listeners to change by making them afraid of the consequences of not doing so

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71
Q

feedback (windows)

A

the bridge between open and blind; we learn things about ourselves that was once only known to others

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72
Q

feedback

A

the nonverbal and verbal messages and cues that a receiver provides to the sender as he or she perceives and assigns meaning to the sender’s message

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73
Q

femininity

A

value rests on relationships, nurturing, cooperation, listening, and showing empathy

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74
Q

figure

A

the foreground or point of emphasis for attention (distinguishing between this and ground is a way to organize)

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75
Q

flaming

A

online verbal abuse on social media sites or through instant messaging and email

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76
Q

flippant

A

essentially, pick-up lines

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77
Q

forced dichotomy

A

speaker presents only two solutions to an issue while ignoring other solutions

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78
Q

forming

A

stage one of team development; the team identifies its primary objective

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79
Q

full-content outlines

A

uses complete sentences; consists of entire introduction and conclusion written out, and includes all of your main points, transitions, examples, and evidence

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80
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we attribute OTHER PEOPLE’S successes to external situational factors and their failures to internal factors

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81
Q

general purpose statement

A

reveals whether your talk is informative or persuasive and states your presentation topic

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82
Q

globalization

A

the process of the world becoming more connected in economic, political, organizational, and personal ways as transportation and telecommunication improve

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83
Q

god terms

A

terms that are universally appreciated as positive and desirable

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84
Q

ground

A

represents the background of the particular stimuli that captured your focused attention (distinguishing between this and figure is a way to organize)

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85
Q

groupthink

A

a team’s motivation to agree and reach a consensus; failure to critically evaluate the task or alternative plans and solutions

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86
Q

groupware

A

software that facilitates collaboration among users working on related tasks

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87
Q

haptics

A

the use of touch in communication

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88
Q

hasty generalization

A

fallacy of inductive reasoning that is a general conclusion drawn from too few or bad examples

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89
Q

hate speech

A

communication that attacks a person or group based on discrimination

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90
Q

hidden

A

third quadrant; we know about ourselves, but hide from others

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91
Q

high power distance

A

there is a great value placed on social rank and status associated with certain ranks and political offices

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92
Q

high-context

A

subtle cues are enough to convey a message; no explicit message is required

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93
Q

identity factors

A

the groups one may be affiliated with may effect how you perceive things; this includes gender, sexual identity, and others, and these factors refer not to the group itself, but the normal associated with those groups

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94
Q

illustrators

A

movements that either accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code

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95
Q

impression management

A

the use of verbal and non-verbal messages to create a particular impression among others

96
Q

inclusion needs

A

our need to feel accepted by and involved with others

97
Q

individualism

A

values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent, and not reliant on others to any great extent

98
Q

inductive reasoning

A

begins with specific instances or examples and then moves to generals claims

99
Q

influencing factors

A

things that effect perception

100
Q

information overload

A

exposed to more messages that can be processed at a given time

101
Q

informational power

A

you can have information if you do what this person wants

102
Q

informative speech

A

a speech designed to create, further, or alter the audience’s factual beliefs about a topic

103
Q

initiaiting

A

the initial stage in which we use communication to start encounters with people we are interested in

104
Q

instructional presentation

A

designed to provide listeners with in-depth knowledge on the topic

105
Q

intensification

A

communication intended to move the relationship toward greater intimacy and commitment

106
Q

intercultural communication skills

A

prepare, adapt to the normal behavior of other cultures, be aware that everyone is influenced by their culture and is not trying to be “difficult”, be more tolerant of struggling to understand, use labels and generalizations with caution

107
Q

intercultural communication

A

communication between and among people and groups across national, ethnic, and cultural boundaries; can be difficult as individuals are different from us and we often do not understand subtle communication nuances and cues from different parts of the world

108
Q

interdependence

A

two people are mutually dependent on one another; the behaviors of one affects the other

109
Q

internal factors

A

fundamentals about who we are as individuals that effect an outcome (honesty, loyalty, motivation)

110
Q

interpersonal communication (IPC)

A

a verbal or non-verbal interaction between two individuals that are dependent on each other in a relationship that can vary from being impersonal to intimate and can take place over many different platforms or medias

111
Q

interpretation

A

when we assign meaning to stimuli; subject to both our internal states and our own preferences as well as external stimuli

112
Q

intimate distance

A

the space that extends up to eighteen inches away from you

113
Q

intimate partner violence (IPV)

A

actual or threatened violent crimes against spouses, cohabiting partners, boyfriends, or girlfriends

114
Q

jealousy

A

a feeling in a relationship resulting from a possibly threatening rival

115
Q

Johari Window

A

model of self-disclosure to help people better understand their relationships with the self and others (open, hidden, blind, unknown)

116
Q

keylogging

A

using software to detect the keystrokes that an individual types on their personal computer

117
Q

kinesics

A

the study of body movements including postures, gestures, and facial expressions

118
Q

language

A

collection of words that are symbolic because they have meanings governed by a system of rules

119
Q

lean media

A

reliant mostly on test and permit little or no exchange of instant feedback or important non-verbal cues

120
Q

legitimate power

A

power assigned to people because of their job, position, or assignment

121
Q

linear communcation

A

the message moves one way; the receiver cannot respond (television shows, radio shows)

122
Q

linear framework

A

follows a clear, straightforward, and direct, fact-based approach to organizing presentation

123
Q

linear model of communication

A

basic components of simple exchange between two people; deciding on message, encoding, transmitting, perceiving, decoding and assigning meaning

124
Q

listening

A

process of receiving and assigning meaning to messages

125
Q

locus of causation

A

whether the behavior was motivated by an internal state or external factor

126
Q

logos

A

a logical argument presented by a speaker

127
Q

low power distance

A

people tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create

128
Q

low-context

A

an explicit message is required for understanding what is trying to be communicated

129
Q

masculinity

A

value rests on competitiveness and achievements at the expense of relationships and direct and forceful communication

130
Q

medium

A

a device that moves messages over a distance so people who are not face to face can communicate

131
Q

message complexity

A

messages that are difficult to follow and comprehend due to a number of arguments and related evidence

132
Q

monochronic

A

one thing at a time, punctuality, concentration, rarely cancel plans, very structured in their use of time and time lines, and can be highly irritated by interruptions or delays

133
Q

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A

method of structuring and presenting ideas that use valid logic to persuade audiences in education, business, and sales; five steps, avoids previewing plan or proposal at the beginning of speech; reduces likelihood of audience resistance

134
Q

networking

A

connections among devices and the people who use them

135
Q

new media

A

digital or networked information that has emerged since the latter part of the twentieth century

136
Q

no shared meaning

A

there is no common meaning to what is being said that can help it be understood

137
Q

noise

A

any auditory, visual, or psychological distraction that interferes with the sending or receiving of a message

138
Q

norming

A

stage three of team development; members resolve their conflicts and assume their roles in functional ways

139
Q

open

A

first quadrant; things about us we see and others see

140
Q

openness (relationship maintenance strategy)

A

a type of relationship maintenance; being honest about feelings and discussing the quality of the relationship with one another

141
Q

openness and privacy

A

a type of dialectical tension; the struggle between being honest and open and wanting to keep some things private

142
Q

organization

A

a communicators efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of it

143
Q

overcomplexity

A

using terms that are much more complex than necessary to convey the point

144
Q

overly technical language

A

using words that are very technical that are not necessary to convey the point

145
Q

oversimplification

A

using language that is to simple and better fit for children

146
Q

paralanguage

A

vocal cues such as how fast one speaks, the pitch of their voice, the tone and more

147
Q

paraphrasing

A

taking someone’s message and restating it in your own words

148
Q

passivity

A

receiving messages mindlessly and without maintaining concern for what is being said

149
Q

past experience factors

A

previous interactions with other people effect how you interact with people going forward

150
Q

pathos

A

a speaker’s ability to arouse emotion within an audience

151
Q

perceiving

A

a receiver detects a message they have been sent and he or she attends to it and perceives it in some fashion

152
Q

performing

A

stage four of team development; members do the work necessary to accomplish objectives

153
Q

personal distance

A

the space that begins eighteen inches away and extends up to four feet

154
Q

personal space

A

aspect of proxemics; the space that we create around ourselves and claim as our own

155
Q

persuasive speech

A

a speech intended to change someone’s opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

156
Q

policy speech

A

describes a social or political problem and then seeks to lay out specifics of a solution to that problem

157
Q

polychronic

A

flexible, change plans and priorities easily, border between work or family time is fluid, may seem chaotic and unfocused

158
Q

positivity (relationship maintenance strategy)

A

a type of relationship maintenance; creating enjoyable interactions and being generally cheerful and optimistic

159
Q

post hoc ergo propter hoc

A

after this, therefore because of this; a fallacy that states that because one thing happened it must be responsible for the resulting thing

160
Q

power language

A

conveys your own belief in what you say

161
Q

power

A

the ability to influence other people to do things they may lack motivation to do on their own

162
Q

predictability and novelty

A

a type of dialectical tension; stability versus spontaneity and change

163
Q

preoccupation

A

over-focusing on a single task, inhibits effective listening

164
Q

presentation

A

the development and use of messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are

165
Q

primacy effect

A

lead the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence first

166
Q

pro-con organization

A

presenting the benefits and harms of a product

167
Q

problem-solution speech

A

presentation that opens with a problem and gives specific solutions

168
Q

proxemics

A

the study of ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning

169
Q

proximity

A

way of organizing; physical closeness in relation to other information

170
Q

psychological reactant theory

A

the idea that persuasive messages threaten the freedom to think, believe, and act as wished

171
Q

public distance

A

more than twelve feet away from you

172
Q

recency effect

A

end the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence last

173
Q

recent

A

most information published within the last five years is generally valid

174
Q

referent power

A

you do what someone says because they are well liked

175
Q

relationship audtition

A

use of small talk to determine if pursing a relationship is what you want

176
Q

relationship maintenance

A

the behaviors that partners in interpersonal relationships use to keep their relationships stable, satisfying, and in good repair

177
Q

relationships

A

the nature of the relationship between communicators influences communication behavior

178
Q

relevent

A

directly supports the objective of your presentation

179
Q

reward power

A

having power over someone because you can provide a positive reward or remove a negative aspect

180
Q

rich media

A

allows for the exchange of non-verbal information, emotion, and quick feedback

181
Q

role-taking

A

a skill that allows communicators to figuratively stand in one another’s shoes and assume their social role or perspective

182
Q

roles

A

clearly defined and specialized functions that each member of a team possesses

183
Q

rules

A

formal expectations that guide team member interactions and task performance

184
Q

ruminating

A

incessantly talking about a problem or issue that is bothering you

185
Q

selective attention

A

once we are engaged in information exchange we focus on certain information that supports our ideals and ignore those that contradict

186
Q

selective exposure

A

we subject ourselves to information that reinforces existing beliefs and stay away from information that contradicts those beliefs

187
Q

selective perception

A

the inclination to see, hear, and believe what we want and ignore what we don’t

188
Q

selective recall

A

we remember things we agree with and tend to forget those that we disagree with

189
Q

self-concept

A

the way you define yourself; this is influenced by the groups we are a part of, the roles we play, the relationships and past experiences we have and have had, and our interpretation of how others evaluate us

190
Q

self-disclosure (windows)

A

bridge between open and hidden; we share things with others we had kept hidden from them

191
Q

self-disclosure

A

act of disclosing personal information to others to deepen a relationship

192
Q

self-discovery (windows)

A

bridge between hidden and unknown; we learn about ourselves while sharing with others

193
Q

self-esteem

A

the degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself

194
Q

self-presentation

A

the development and use of verbal and non-verbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are

195
Q

self-serving bias

A

when we attribute our OWN successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors

196
Q

self-talk

A

internal dialogue we have running a commentary on what we do and experience

197
Q

sender-receiver reciprocity

A

senders and receivers adapting to one another and sharing responsibility for listening effectiveness

198
Q

sensory aids

A

supporting devices appeal to one or more of the five senses

199
Q

shared connections (relationship maintenance strategy)

A

a type of relationship maintenance; spending time with a shared circle of friends

200
Q

shared discovery (windows)

A

bridge between open and unknown; constantly learning things about ourselves and each other

201
Q

similarity

A

way of organizing; the degree to which something shares attributes with other stimuli

202
Q

social attraction

A

the attraction friends feel toward one another based on shared enjoyment of activities and interests

203
Q

social distance

A

space that is four to twelve feet away from you

204
Q

social loafing

A

situations in which one or more members of a team exert little or no effort

205
Q

source credibility

A

communicator’s competence, trustworthiness, and caring toward other people relative to the claims their making

206
Q

spamming

A

sending large volumes of junk mail to intended victims

207
Q

spatial

A

information is organized by way of space; such as explaining a layout of a place

208
Q

stages of perception

A

selection, organization, interpretation

209
Q

stalking

A

unwanted and repeated conduct placing another in fear of their safety

210
Q

stereotype

A

assuming a standard and generalized profile of an individual because he or she belongs to a group

211
Q

storming

A

stage two of team development; team members openly discuss how to go about their tasks

212
Q

straw person

A

presenting a weak version of an argument to immediately claim victory; knock down a straw person rather than a real one

213
Q

synchronous communication

A

instant replies and real-time interaction (texting, instant messaging)

214
Q

synergy

A

the energy created by a high performing team when it interacts and functions well

215
Q

system

A

a larger environment in which a group operates, and includes rules, history, norms, and communication

216
Q

task attraction

A

form of attraction that reflects the desire to work together based on the perception that the person is competent or skilled

217
Q

tasks (relationship maintenance strategy)

A

a type of relationship maintenance; share responsibilities and tasks

218
Q

team building

A

activities that encourage team members to examine their process of working together in an effort to maximize their quality of work and effectiveness

219
Q

team

A

a group characterized by cohesiveness, membership, goal orientation, performance, or synergy

220
Q

technophobic

A

anxious and avoidant of using new media

221
Q

territoriality

A

aspect of proxemics; how we establish and manage space as belonging uniquely to us

222
Q

thesis statement

A

a brief, one sentence summary of the central idea of your presentation and includes the answer of why this is important to the audience

223
Q

topical

A

each main point is a separate entity connected by the overall topic

224
Q

training

A

team members are taught specific skills and knowledge to enhance performance

225
Q

transactional model of communication

A

feedback, along with consideration of other factors that make accurate decoding of messages difficult, turn linear into transactional; communicators are simultaneously encoding and decoding messages at all times during an interaction, and our previous interactions influence our present communication, and senders are constantly analyzing the responses and feedback of other communicators

226
Q

transformational leadership

A

some leaders inspire, energize, engage, and motivate teammates to excel in committed and passionate ways

227
Q

transmitting

A

the message goes from the sender to receiver using a particular channel selected by the sender

228
Q

two-sided message with refutation

A

present both sides of the issue, but refute the validity of the opposing side

229
Q

understanding (relationship maintenance strategy)

A

a type of relationship maintenance; communication in understanding and empathetic ways

230
Q

understanding

A

create the meanings we intend in the minds of others

231
Q

undervalued communication

A

many individuals do not appreciate communication and vary in their willingness to communicate, their degree of apprehension or anxiety, and competence with communicating

232
Q

unknown

A

fourth quadrant; unknown to both you and others

233
Q

value speech

A

argues the virtue, accuracy, or soundness of a judgement or belief

234
Q

verbal communication

A

sharing of information using language

235
Q

verbal plagiarism

A

presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own

236
Q

violence

A

use of physical force against oneself, person, group, or community

237
Q

virtual teams

A

teams that collaborate across time or space through electronic communication

Intro to Communication (3 decks)

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