flashcards
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet, also called articulations.
What are the two functions of joints?
Mobility and stability.
What are the three classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
What are the three movement classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).
How are fibrous joints connected?
By dense connective tissue, they do not have a joint cavity.
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis.
How are cartilaginous joints connected?
By cartilage, they do not have a joint cavity.
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage), symphysis (fibrocartilage).
What separates articulating bones in synovial joints?
A fluid-filled joint cavity.
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket.
How are synovial joints classified?
By the shape of their articular surfaces and movement axes.
What are the four main types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood.
What are the two characteristics of connective tissue?
Extracellular matrix and common origin from mesenchyme.
What are the three components of ground substance?
Interstitial fluid, proteins, proteoglycans.
What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?
Collagen (strongest), elastic (stretch and recoil), reticular (fine and branched).
What is the primary fiber type found in bone?
Collagen.
What are the primary cells found in bone?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
What are the two classifications of connective tissue proper?
Loose and dense.
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic.
What are the characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?
Parallel collagen fibers, withstands stress in one direction.
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendons, ligaments, deep fascia.
What are the characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?
Irregular collagen fibers, withstands stress in multiple directions.
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
Fibrous joint capsules, dermis, pericardium, periosteum.
What are the characteristics of elastic connective tissue?
High proportion of elastic fibers, allows stretch and recoil.
Where is elastic connective tissue found?
Walls of large arteries, lungs.
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic.
What is the main characteristic of cartilage?
Tough but flexible, avascular and aneural.
What are the main cells of cartilage?
Chondroblasts (produce matrix), chondrocytes (mature cells).
What are the main functions of epithelium?
Protection, exchange, absorption, secretion.
How is epithelium classified?
By the number of layers (simple or stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
What does it mean that epithelium is avascular?
It has no blood supply.
Which other tissue is avascular?
Cartilage.
Why is epithelial tissue highly regenerative?
Because it is frequently damaged and must repair itself.
What type of epithelium lines the lungs?
Simple squamous epithelium.
What are the components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, glands.
What are the functions of the skin?
Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion.
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis (outer layer), dermis (deep layer).
What is the function of subcutaneous tissue?
Fat storage, shock absorption, insulation, allows skin movement.
Which layer of skin is affected by a superficial scratch?
Epidermis.
Which layer of skin is affected if a wound is bleeding?
Dermis.
Why is a tattoo placed in the dermis?
To ensure it is permanent as it stains the connective tissue.
Which type of tissue is primarily found in the epidermis?
Epithelial tissue.
Which type of tissue is primarily found in the dermis?
Connective tissue.
Which type of tissue is primarily found in subcutaneous tissue?
Adipose (fat) tissue.
Which type of tissue is primarily found in deep fascia?
Dense regular connective tissue.
