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Science 7 Flashcards > Flashcard 3 > Flashcards

Flashcard 3

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an infectious disease?

A

a disease caused by a
foreign microorganism within the body.

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2
Q

What is Pathogens?

A

organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

What are Toxins?

A

Toxins are harmful substances created by plants, animals, or microorganisms that can have serious effects inside the body. They can be inhaled, ingested, absorbed, or injected into the body.

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4
Q

what are Antibody?

A

molecular tag that attaches to antigen to recognize
as foreign.

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5
Q

What are Antigens?

A

unique surface marker molecules on pathogen.

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6
Q

What are PHAGOCYTE?

A

eat pathogens

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7
Q

what are Lymphocytes?

A

WBC’s that can distinguish between different
kinds of pathogens. Two types:

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8
Q

what are T-cells (Alarm, Attack)?

A

specialized cell that recognizes
each kind of pathogen.T-cells multiply, then some attack
pathogen (“killer T-cells”) while others activate B – cells.

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9
Q

what are B-cells (Antibody “Tag” Factory)?

A

specialized cells that
produce specialized antibodies (proteins) that tag the
pathogen for destruction. The antibody binds to the antigen
on the pathogen, marking it for destruction by the
phagocytes.

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10
Q

What is a Fever?

A

increasing body temperature fights infection;
pathogens do not grow/reproduce well at higher
temperatures.

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11
Q

what are Inflammation?

A

increased blood flow (enlarges blood vessels) bringing more WBC’s to affected area (red,
swollen, warmer).

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12
Q

what are the White Blood Cells (WBC)?

A

are disease fighting cells.
There are many different types of WBC’s, each
having its own particular function. Phagocyte (WBC)
eat pathogens destroying them.

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13
Q

What is the Mouth & Stomach?

A

saliva and stomach acid
can kill pathogens.

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14
Q

what is the Breathing Passages?

A

Nose, mouth, throat
contains mucus and cilia trapping and
removing pathogens. Coughing/sneezing also
removes pathogens.

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15
Q

what is Skin?

A

dead skin cells flake off removing
pathogens from body; outer epidermis acts as
a barrier too; rapid scabbing prevents
pathogen entry into body.

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16
Q

what is the Nervous System?

A

receives and responds to
information gotten both inside and outside of the
body; also helps to maintain homeostasis.

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17
Q

what is a Stimulus?

A

an environmental signal that an
organism reacts to.

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18
Q

what is a Response?

A

what the body does in reaction to a
stimulus.

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19
Q

what are Neuron (nerve cell)?

A

pecialized cell that carries
information; building block of Nervous System.

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20
Q

what are Nerve Impulse?

A

message/information being carried

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21
Q

what are Neuron?

A

consists of nucleus, axon and
dendrites.

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22
Q

what are Dendrites?

A

carries impulses toward the cell
body.

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23
Q

what are Axon?

A

carries impulses away from the cell body.

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24
Q

what are Nerve fibers?

A

axons & dendrites

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25
Q

What are Nerve?

A

bundle of nerve fibers

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26
Q

what are Sensory Neuron?

A

picks up stimuli and
converts it into an impulse.

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27
Q

what is Interneuron?

A

carries impulse from one neuron
to another neuron (within brain or spinal cord).

28
Q

what are Motor Neuron?

A

brings impulse to muscle orgland which then reacts in response.

29
Q

what are Nerve impulse?

A

begins in a nerve cell’s dendrite,
travels down axon to axon tip where it crosses
over to the next nerve cell at the synapse.

30
Q

what are Synapse?

A

is the gap between the axon tip and the
neighboring dendrite. Chemicals (dopamine,
seritonine) carry the impulse across the synaptic
gap.

31
Q

what are Endocrine System?

A

Endocrine System: produces hormones
which controls/regulates organ & tissue
activities; regulates growth & development.

32
Q

what is the Hypothalamus (middle brain)?

A

linked to
Nervous System; maintains Homeostasis &
control of pituitary gland.

33
Q

what is the Pituitary Gland?

A

what is the Pituitary Gland?

34
Q

Thyroid Gland?

A

produces hormones;
controls energy inside cell

35
Q

Parathyroid?

A

regulates blood calcium.

36
Q

what is Thymus?

A

helps immune system
development

37
Q

what is Pancreas?

A

controls blood sugar

38
Q

what are Adrenal (above kidneys)?

A

triggers
adrenaline during emergency situations;
“fight or flight response”.

39
Q

what are Ovaries?

A

triggers egg development
(estrogen); female sexual development
(progesterone).

40
Q

what are Testes?

A

regulates sperm development;
male sexual development (testosterone)

41
Q

what is the Male Reproductive System?

A

produces
sperm and hormone testosterone; consists
of testes, scrotum, penis.

42
Q

what is Testes?

A

organ that produces sperm and
testosterone (which controls male physical
characteristics).

43
Q

what is Scrotum?

A

external pouch containing testes.

44
Q

what is Semen?

A

mixture of sperm cells and fluids.

45
Q

what is the Penis?

A

male sex organ; contains end of
urethra where urine/semen leave the body.

46
Q

what is Female Reproductive System,
Ovaries,Fallopian tube,Uterus (womb),Vagina?

A

Female Reproductive System: produces eggs and
hormones estrogen, progesterone; consists of the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.

Ovaries: produce egg cells and estrogen (which
controls some female characteristics) and
progesterone.

Fallopian tube: connects ovary (egg) to uterus;
where fertilization occurs. Each month, one of the
ovaries releases an egg.

Uterus (womb): hollow muscular organ; the zygote
develops (embryo,fetus,newborn) in the uterus

Vagina: opening between uterus and outside body.

47
Q

what areSexual Reproduction (= Meiosis),Egg,Sperm,Fertilization,Zygote?

A

Sexual Reproduction (= Meiosis). The gametes
are:

Egg: female sex cell (= 23 chromosomes)

Sperm: male sex cell (= 23 chromosomes)

Fertilization: joining of sperm and egg

Zygote: fertilized egg (= 46 chromosomes)

48
Q

what are Chromosome?

A

X-shaped structure in cell’s
nucleus contains units called genes which carries
genetic information (inherited traits).

49
Q

what is Menstrual Cycle,Beginning,Midway,Menstruation?

A

Menstrual Cycle: monthly cycle of change consisting
of egg development in ovary and uterus prepares
for arrival of embryo.

Beginning: development of mature egg; uterus
thickens

Midway: egg released from ovary into fallopian
tube (= ovulation); where fertilization occurs. If no
fertilization, menstruation (“period”) occurs.

Menstruation: blood, unfertilized egg, uterus’s
tissue lining leaves body through vagina.

50
Q

what is Menstruation?

A

blood, unfertilized egg, uterus’s
tissue lining leaves body through vagina.

51
Q

what are Fertilization:?

A

joining of sperm and egg forming
zygote.

52
Q

what is the Zygote (one-cell stage)?

A

fertilized egg

53
Q

what is the Embryo?

A

from “two cell stage” to 8 weeks;
cell division occurs.

54
Q

what is the Fetus?

A

3-9 months (birth)

55
Q

what is the Amniotic Sac?

A

fluid filled sac that cushions/protects
embryo/fetus

56
Q

what is the Placenta?

A

regulating organ between baby & mother;
nutrients/oxygen in & waste out

57
Q

what is an Umbilical cord?

A

connects fetus to placenta
(belly button)

58
Q

what are Identical twins?

A

from a single fertilized egg
that splits results in two genetically
identical individuals (copies)

59
Q

what are Fraternal twins?

A

two different
eggs released & fertilized by
two different sperm; two different
individuals sharing the same womb.

60
Q

what is an Infancy (1-2 yrs)?

A

dramatic change in shape & size;

61
Q

what is Childhood (2-12 yrs)?

A

more active, independent,
further physical & mental changes

62
Q

what are Adolescence (13-19)?

A

gradual change from child to
adult

63
Q

what is Puberty (9-15yrs)

A

At 12-14 yrs, ability to reproduce;

produce baby

64
Q

what is Aging?

A

(30+ yrs) skin begins to wrinkle, decrease
muscle strength, changing hair color, eye
problems (40-65 yrs) menopause (ovulation,
menstruation stops), decrease sperm

65
Q

what is Slow Aging

A

diet, exercise

Science 7 Flashcards (8 decks)

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