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MCP > flash cards signaling1_v2 > Flashcards

flash cards signaling1_v2

1
Q

If you want to change cocnentration of an extracellualr signal, what do you change?

A

the degradation rate since this is usually constant

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2
Q

binding of lgiand to cellualr protein is a noncovalent or covalent?

A

noncovalent

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3
Q

Non-covalent binding of a ligand to a receptor induces a change in the receptor what of the receptor? What does this trigger?

A

conformation\n, which then triggers changes in other molecules inside the cell.

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4
Q

Receptor conformational change results in either a change in what?

A

activity, if the receptor is an\nenzyme\n\nchange in affinity for another molecule, if the receptor lacks enzymatic activity.

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5
Q

large increase in the concentration of some intracellular second messenger molecule has waht result to the signal?

A

it amplifies it signal.

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6
Q

Amplification is important because:

A

NAME?

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7
Q

the concentration of a signaling molecule depends upon what rates?

A

the rate of which new molecules appear and the rate at which they are removed

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8
Q

in regards to concentration, what rate is usually constant for a signaling molecule?

A

rate of degradation

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9
Q

Rapid changes in signal strength require a short or long signal half-life? fast or slow degadation?

A

short or fast removal through degradation

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10
Q

Steroid hormones generally have long or short half-lives? Do they change concentration slowly or quicly

A

long half lives\n\nchange concentration gradually

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11
Q

peptide hormones have short or long half lifes? do they change concentration short or gradually?

A

short\n\nquickly

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12
Q

Cellular responses to a particular signal depends on what factors?

A

NAME?

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13
Q

Long-term changes in signaling molecule concentration often causes what phenomena?

A

cell adaptation.

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14
Q

a cell may down regulate or upregulate expression of a hormone receptor gene after hormone levels have been high for a prolonged time?

A

down-regulate

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15
Q

Adaptation is a change in the cell’s responsiveness to what

A

reeptor concentration.

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16
Q

how do cells accomplish adaption

A

the number of available receptors, the affinity of the receptor for its ligand, or the response sensitivity of second messenger pathways to receptor activation.

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17
Q

fewer receptors means a less or more sensitive cell

A

less

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18
Q

lower or higher affinity receptor means less sesntiive cell

A

lower

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19
Q

Smaller response to receptor occupancy means a less or a more sensitive cell

A

less

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20
Q

why dont all cells respond simialrly to same ligand

A

1 cellr esponses depend on specific receptor expressed \n2 cells receive many signals at same time which can cause comeptition or sitmulation of same pathway amploifying signal \n3 some cell responses are all or none \n4 a steep activation curve may prevent reponse untilt threshold is reched

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21
Q

Each cell integrates information from how many different signals

A

many

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22
Q

One signal can bind to different what in different cells.

A

receptors

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23
Q

The same type of receptor can activate different what in different cells.

A

second messengers

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24
Q

Two signaling molecules may act through the same second messenger, so that a boost in the concentration of one signal may have what effect?

A

makes the cell more sensitive to the other one.

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25
Q

ignals may pass directly from cell to cell\nthrough gap junctions, but\nmore usually the signaling\nmolecules come from where?

A

outside\nof the cell.

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26
Q

Autocrine,\nparacrine, and synaptic\nsignaling occur over short or long\ndistances.

A

short

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27
Q

endocrine signals are\ncarried through the\nbloodstream

A

Endocrine

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28
Q

Very low\nconcentrations, typical of\nendocrine signals,\nrequire high affinity or low affinity receptors,

A

high-affinity

29
Q

neurotransmitters are\nprovided at high or low\nconcentrations in the synaptic cleft to low affinity receptors on post-synaptic target cells.

A

high concentrations

30
Q

Small, rapidly diffusible molecules such as NO and CO pass into cells and do what?

A

alter enzyme directly

31
Q

small rapidly diffusable moelcues like NO and CO have ___ half lives

A

very short

32
Q

in pathway of NO action, erve does not directly act on the smooth muscle cell, but instead acts on

A

endothelial cells that line the lumen of the blood vessel.

33
Q

NO then diffuses out of the endothelial cell and into the smooth muscle cell, where it binds to what? What does this receptor function to do?

A

adenyl cyclase\n\nconverts gtp to gdp

34
Q

Nitroglycerin prevents heart attacks because it is metabolized to what? How does that substance work?

A

Nitric oxide, \nwhich dilates blood vessels by activating guanylate cyclase which increases cGMP concentration, and relaxing the smooth muscle in arteriole walls.

35
Q

what is the mechanism of viagra

A

relaxes smooth muscles and acts as a vasodilator by inhbiitng cGMP breakdnow

36
Q

Hydrophobic molecules such as steroid, retinoids, and through hormones are usually carried by what in the blood?

A

by binding proteins

37
Q

steroids, retainoids, thyroid hormones pass directly through cell membranes to bind to

A

cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors of the steroid hormone or nuclear receptor family

38
Q

hydrophobic molecules classified as eicosinoids are derived from phospholipids and include what substances?

A

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes.

39
Q

Typical function of eicosinoids are are in what mechanisms?

A

inflammatory responses and blood clotting.

40
Q

although lipid solbule, eicosnoids bind to what receptors? do they go theough the mebrane?

A

surface receptors\n\n

41
Q

Steroidal anti-inflammatories like cortisone inhibit synthesis of eicosinoids by inhbiting what?

A

phospholipase A2.

42
Q

eiconsoids have short or long half lifes

A

short

43
Q

What is inhibited by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Cyclooxygenase

44
Q

hydrolphilic molecules like peptides and nucleotide and amino aic derivatives have short or long half lives

A

short

45
Q

examples of peptide signaling molecules.

A

Insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, and erythropoietin

46
Q

Acetycholine, histamine, serotonin and glutamate are examples of small

A

hydrophilic signaling molecules.

47
Q

Most sensory receptors are ___ molecules.

A

cell surface

48
Q

Nuclear receptors activate what?

A

gene transcription.

49
Q

What provide diversity and specific to ncuelar receptors?

A

a ncuelar receptor super family with DNA binding and hormone binding domains

50
Q

Each DNA binding domain of ncuelar receptor protein recognizes a specific DNA sequence, but actual binding of most nuclear receptors requires what process?

A

dimerization

51
Q

Many ncuelar receptors form heterodimers with other transcription factors which contributes what?

A

contribute to the DNA binding specificity and thus the gene activation specificity.

52
Q

Activation of a receptor in two different cell types may activate different patterns of genes because

A

the receptor dimerizes with a different partner.

53
Q

Genes activated by the hormone-occupied receptor are called what?

A

primary response genes.

54
Q

What may the roducts of some primary-response genes activate

A

transcription of secondary response genes

55
Q

What are the four main types of surface receptors Hydrophilic signals act through? What do they each typically intiate?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels, Enzyme-linked receptors, Catalytic receptors, Trimeric G-protein-linked receptors. \n\nEach initate a second messender sacade

56
Q

What are the different ways ions channels may be gated?

A

voltage-gated, mechanically gated, or gated by extracellular ligands (primary signals) or intracellular ligands (second messengers).

57
Q

diversity of ion channel selectiveity

A

some are highly selective like only letting mg in, others have broad specifity for anions or cations

58
Q

What gated ion channel is common in synapthetic signallng pathways

A

ligand gated

59
Q

G-protein-linked receptors act through direct association with one of several trimeric or monormeric G-proteins.

A

trimeric

60
Q

G-proteins are ___ that act as switches and can activate or inhibit one or more intracellular signaling pathways.

A

GTPases

61
Q

The most common enzyme-linked receptors are what type of receptor?

A

stimulate membrane- associated tyrosine-specific protein kinases such as the serc kinase

62
Q

do enzyme linked receptors themselves have enzyme activity

A

no

63
Q

Catalytic receptors have domains where that act as enzymes when a ligand binds to the extracellular domain.

A

cytoplasmic domains

64
Q

catalytic receptors include

A

serine/threonine kinases, tyrosine kinases, phosphatases, and guanylate cyclases.

65
Q

If a signal has a long half life does it have slow or fast changes in concentration?

A

slow changes

67
Q

Where are steroid hormone receptors?

A

intracellular, ligands bind in the cyptosplasm then trasnduce signals in the nculeus

68
Q

what are two drugs which inhbitis eicosinoid synthesis?

A

aspirin and cortisone

69
Q

What side of the plasma membrane do hyrdophilic moelcules like peptides bind to receptors?\n

A

they bind to cell surface receptors

70
Q

What is a common mechanism to many but not all nculear receptor family genes?

A

nuclear translocation

MCP (3 decks)

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