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1
Q

Preserves morphology but not internal structures;

Pass slide over bunsen burner

A

Heat fixation

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2
Q

What Structure gives rigid support and protects agains osmotic pressure?

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Cell wall/Cell membrane found in which type of bacteria?

A

gram positive

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4
Q

Major surface antigen of gram negative

A

Outer membrane - contains the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1

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5
Q

Composition of endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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6
Q

Site of oxidative and transport enzymes in bacteria

A

Plasma membrane

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7
Q

Site of protein synthesis in bacteria

A

Ribosome (50S and 30S)

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8
Q

Space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria:

A

Periplasm

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9
Q

Where are beta-lactamases in bacteria?

A

In periplasm of gram negative bacteria

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10
Q

Bacterial structure protects agains phagocytosis:

A

Capsule

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11
Q

Mediates adherence of bacteria to cell surface. sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation.

A

Pilus/fimbria

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12
Q

Composition of bacterial pilus/fimbria

A

Glycoprotein

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13
Q

Provide resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals. Contain dipicolinic acid

A

Bacterial spores

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14
Q

Keratin like coat that gives bacteria resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals.

A

Dipicolinic acid of SPORES

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15
Q

Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins

A

Bacterial Plasmid (made of DNA)

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16
Q

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (eg: indwelling catheters)

A

Glycocalyx

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17
Q

Allow some organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces

A

IgA proteases

S.pneumo, N.meningitidis, N.gonorrhoeae, H.influenza

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18
Q

Used to directly see if an organism is present within a patient.

A

Direct Fluorescant Antibody Test

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19
Q

Used to see if patient has antibodies agains a certain pathogen.

A

Indirect Fluorescant Antibody Test

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20
Q

Structures within bacterial cell walls that are common to both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

A

Flagellum, Pilus, Capsule, Peptidoglycan, Cytoplasmic membrane

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21
Q

Structures in cell wall unique to gram positive organisms.

A

Teichoic acid

Cell wall

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22
Q

Structures in cell wall unique to gram negative organisms

A

Endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)

Periplasm

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23
Q

Is too thin to be visualized using traditional gram stain. Use darkfield microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining

A

Stain for Treponema

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24
Q

Is an Intracellular parasite - so does NOT stain well.

A

Stain for Rickettsia

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25
Q

Is primarily intracellular so does NOT gram stain well. Need silver stain.

A

Stain for Legionella pneumophilia

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26
Q

Is an intracellular parasite so does NOT gram stain well. Also Lacks muramic acid in cell wall

A

Stain for Chlamydia

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27
Q

Phase of bacterial growth curve where there is metabolic activity without division.

A

Lag Phase

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28
Q

Phases of Bacterial growth curve

A

Phases:

1) Lag phase
2) Log phase
3) Stationary phase
4) Death phase

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29
Q

Phase of the bacterial growth curve where there is Rapid cell division.

A

Log phase

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30
Q

Phase of the bacterial growth curve where Nutrient depletion slows growth.

A

Stationary phase

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31
Q

Phase of the bacterial growth curve where there is prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products lead to death.

A

Death phase

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32
Q

Chemical composition of exotoxins.

A

Polypeptides

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33
Q

Location of genes for endotoxins.

A

Bacterial chromosome

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34
Q

Location of genes for exotoxins

A

Plasmid or bacteriophage

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35
Q

Induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins.

A

Exotoxins

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36
Q

Poorly antigenic

A

Endotoxin

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37
Q

Typical diseases caused by exotoxins.

A

Tetanus, Botulism, Diphtheria

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38
Q

Typical diseases caused by endotoxins

A

Meningococcemia, sepsis by gram negative rods

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39
Q

Bind directly to MHC II and T-cell receptor, activating large number of T cells to stimulate release of IFN-gamma, and IL-2.

A

Superantigens

S.aureus, S.pyogenes

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40
Q

Component attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein (ADP ribosylation) altering protein function.

A

A component of AB toxin

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41
Q

5 Organisms that secretes ADP ribosylating Toxins.

A

1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2) Vibrio cholerae
3) E.coli
4) Pseudomonas
5) Bordetella pertussis

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42
Q

Toxins that inactivate EF-2

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Pseudomonas (exotoxin A)

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43
Q

Inactivates elongation facto (EF-2) causing pharyngitis and “pseudomembrane” in throat.

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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44
Q

ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase; increasing pumping of Cl- H20 into gut.

A

Vibrio cholerae

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45
Q

toxin stimulates Adenylate Cyclase

A

Heat labile

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46
Q

toxin stimulates guanylate cyclase

A

Heat stable

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47
Q

Stimulates adenylate cyclase; causes whooping cough; inhibits chemokine receptor causing lymphocytosis.

A

Bordetella pertussis

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48
Q

NT inhibited by C. tetani that causes lockjaw.

A

Glycine

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49
Q

NT inhibited by botulinum that causes CNS paralysis.

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

Produced by Shigella and also E.coli O157:H7. Cleaves host cell rRNA and enhances cytokine release causing HUS.

A

Shiga toxin

51
Q

Lipopolysaccharide found in cell wall of gram negative bacteria that Activate macrophages (IL-1, TNF, NO), Activate Complement (C3a, C5a), Activate Hageman factor (causing coagulation cascade which can lead to DIC).

52
Q

Fermentation Patterns of Neisseria

A

MeninGococci ferment Maltose and Glucose

Gonocci ferment Glucose

53
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Clusters, Catalase +, Coagulase +

54
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Clusters, Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin Sensitive

A

S.epidermidis (SEnsitive = S.Epidermis)

55
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Clusters, Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin resistant

A

S.saprophyticus (Resistant = Strong = Saphrophyticus)

56
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Alpha (green) hemolysis, Capsule, Optochin sensitive, Bile soluble

A

S.pneumoniae

57
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Alpha (green) hemolysis, No capsule, Optochin resistant, Not bile soluble

A

Viridans streptococci (S.mutans)

58
Q

Alpha (green) hemolytic streptococci

A

S. pneumoniae: Capsule, +Quelling, Optochin sensitive, Bile soluble

S. mutans (viridans): No capsule, Optochin resistant, not bile soluble

59
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Beta (clear) hemolysis, Bacitracin sensitive

A

Group A Strep (S.pyogenes): Bacitracin sensitive

60
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Beta (clear) hemolysis, Bacitracin resistant

A

Group B Strep (S.agalactiae): Bacitracin resistant

61
Q

Gram +, Cocci, Chains, Catalase -, Gamma (no) hemolysis

A

Enterococcus (E.faecalis and Peptostreptococcus)

62
Q

Gram -, Cocci, Maltose fermenter

A

N. meningitidis

63
Q

Gram -, Cocci, Maltose non-fermenter

A

N. gonorrhoeae

64
Q

Uses Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin).

A

H.influenza

65
Q

Uses Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar.

A

B. pertussis

66
Q

Bacterial Genetics: Direct cell-to-cell transfer

A

Conjugation

67
Q

Culture that can be used for C. diphtheriae

A

Tellurite plate
Loffler’s medium
Blood agar

68
Q

Bacterial genetics: Phage-mediated cell to cell DNA transfer.

A

Transduction

69
Q

Bacterial Genetics: Purified DNA taken up by a cell.

A

Transformation

70
Q

Bacterial Genetics: DNA transfer to same or another chromosome or plasmid within a cell.

A

Transposition

71
Q

Nature of DNA transferred in Transposition

A

DNA sequences “jumping genes”

72
Q

What part of lungs is Mycobacterium TB found?

A

Apices of the lung (b/c it is an obligate aerobe, and the apices of the lung have the highest PO2)

73
Q

Which organisms lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase?

A

Obligate anaerobes

74
Q

Alpha-hemolytic bacteria

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae (catalase -, optochin sensitive)
  2. Viridans streptococci (catalse -, optochin resistant)
75
Q

Beta-hemolytic bacteria

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus (catalase/coagulase +)
  2. Streptococcus pyogenes (catalase -, bacitracin sensitive)
  3. Steptococcus agalactiae (catalase -, bacitracin resistant)
  4. Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling motility, meningitis newborns, unpasteurized milk)
76
Q

Degrades H202, an antimicrobial product of PMNs. H202 is a substrate for myeloperoxidase.

77
Q

virulence factor that binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis

78
Q

Due to exfoliative toxin (s.aureus)

A

Scalded skin syndrome

79
Q

Alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens

A

Lecithinase

80
Q

The only bacterium with a protein capsule.

A

Bacillus anthracis

81
Q

Inhalation of Anthrax spores from contaminated wool.

A

Wollsorter’s disease

82
Q

Gram-positive, weakly acid fast aerobe in soil causing pulmonary infection in ICH

A

Nocardia asteroides

83
Q

Causes meningococcemia and meningitis. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A

N.meningitidis

Lipooligosaccharide endotoxin

84
Q

Most invasive type of H.influenza

A

Capsular type B (Vaccine contains type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein)

85
Q

Given between 2 and 18 months. Contains type B polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria toxoid or other protein

A

H.influenza vaccine

86
Q

Polysaccharide of endotoxin, found in enterobacteriaceae

A

Somatic O antigen

87
Q

The 3A’s of Klebsiella

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Abscess in lungs
Alcoholics

88
Q

Symptoms of what bacterium can be prolonged with antibiotic treatment.

A

Salmonella

89
Q

What bacterium is commonly transmitted from pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk, or pork?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica. (outbreaks are very common in day-care centers)

*can mimic Crohn’s disease or appendicitis

90
Q

Etiologic agent of food poisoning from reheated rice.

A

Bacillus cereus

91
Q

Etiologic agent of Food poisoning from meats, mayonnaise, custard.

A

Staph aureus

92
Q

Etiologic agent of food poisoning from reheated meat dishes.

A

Clostridium perfringens

93
Q

Etiologic agent of food poisoningdue to improperly canned foods (bulging cans).

A

Clostridium botulinum

94
Q

Etiologic agent of food poisoning from undercooked meat (cheeseburger).

A

E.coli 0157:H7

95
Q

Etiologic agent of food poisoning from poultry, meat, and eggs.

A

Salmonella

96
Q

Bloody diarrhea from a comma- or S-shaped organism growing at 42C and oxidase positive.

A

Campylobacter

97
Q

Bloody diarrhea from gram -, motile, lactose negative bacteria.

A

Salmonella

98
Q

Gram -, non-motile, lactose negative, low ID50 organism causing bloody diarrhea.

99
Q

Shiga-like toxin

A

Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (bloody diarrhea)

100
Q

Organism causing bloody diarrhea. Picked up at daycare. Presents as pseudoappendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

101
Q

Bloody diarrhea after clindamycin administration

A

C.difficile (pseudomembranous colitis)

102
Q

Stain for Legionella pneumophilia

A

Silver stain. (Think of a French leegionnaire (soldier) with his silver helmet, sitting around a campfire (charcoal) with his iron dagger - he is no sissy (cysteine)

103
Q

DOC for Legionnaires’ disease

A

Erythromycin

104
Q

Aerobic gram-negative rod. Non-lactose fermenting. Oxidase +

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

105
Q

Produces both an endotoxin and exotoxin A.

A 
Pseudomonas
Endotoxin (fever, shock). Exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2)
106
Q

Txt of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Aminoglycoside plus extended-spectrum penicillin (eg: piperacillin and ticarcillin)

107
Q

A blue-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

108
Q

Primary TB localizes usually in lower lobes. Also affects the hilar nodes.

A

Ghon complex

109
Q

Usually in apex of lung. Causes a fibrocaseous cavitary lesion. Caused by reinfection.

A

Secondary TB infection

110
Q

PPD is what type of hypersensitivity

111
Q

Chronic disease with hypopigmented skin and loss of sensation that prefers cooler areas of skin.

A

Hanson’s disease (leprosy)

112
Q

Gram -, obligate intracellular organisms that infect vascular endothelium

A

Rickettsiae

DOC: Tetracycline

113
Q

Classic Triad of Rickettsiae

A

Headache, fever, rash

114
Q

Small, non-motile, obligate intracellular (need ATP/NAD from host) bacteria/parasites that cause mucosal infections

A

Chlamydiae

115
Q

Two forms of Chlamydiae

A
  1. Elementary body (small and dense) which Enters cell via Endocytosis.
    2) Initial or Reticulate body, which Replicates in cell by fusion
116
Q

Reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, and nongonococcal urethritis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

117
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is caused by Chlamydia salpingitis?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

TH1 lymphocyte response

118
Q

Erythema chronicum migrans

A

Lyme disease

3 stages:

1) Erythema chronicum migrans, flulike sx
2) Neurologic and cardia manifestations
3) autoimmune migratory polyarthritis

Manifestations: Bell’s palsy, Arthritis, Kardiac block, Erythema chronicum migrans

DOC: Tetracycline, Doxycycline, or penicillins

119
Q

Broad based ataxia, positive Romberg, Charcot joints, stroke w/o hypertension

A

Neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis)

120
Q

Budding yeast with pseudohyphae in culture at 20C; germ tube formation at 37C

A

Candida albicans

DOC:
Nystatin for superficial infections
Amphotericin B for serious systemic infection

Micro (7 decks)

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