Flash cards
What colour do sodium ions burn
Yellow
What colour do potassium ions burn
Lilac
What colour do calcium ions burn
Red
What colour do barium ions burn
Green
What colour precipitate forms when a few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to a solution with copper(II) Cu2+ ions in it
Blue
What colour precipitate forms when a few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to a solution with iron(II) Fe2+ ions in it
Green
What colour precipitate forms when a few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to a solution with iron(III) Fe3+ ions in it
brown
Which metal ions form a white precipitate when sodium hydroxide solution is added
Magnesium ions-Mg2+
Calcium ions-Ca2+
Aluminium ions-Al3+
How would you test for carbonate ions?
Add an acid.
If carbonate ions are present, the solution will bubble. These bubbles are carbon dioxide
How would you test for sulphate ions?
Add dilute hydrochloride acid, then barium chloride solution.
If sulphate ions are present, A white precipitate will form
How would you test for halide ions?
Add dilute nitric acid, then silver nitrate solution
What colour do lithium ions burn
Crimson
What colour precipitate would form if nitric acid and silver nitrate were added to a solution containing chloride ions?
A white precipitate would form
What colour precipitate would form if nitric acid and silver nitrate were added to a solution containing iodide ions?
A yellow precipitate would form
What colour precipitate would form if nitric acid and silver nitrate were added to a solution containing bromide ions?
A cream precipitate would form
What functional group do alcohols have?
-OH Hydroxyl group
What functional group do Carboxylic acids have?
-COOH Carboxyl group
What functional group do Esters have?
-COO Esters group
How is the modern periodic table organised?
The elements are arranged in order of atomic number (proton number)
How was the early periodic table organised
They were arranged according to their atomic weight and the properties of the elements
(See Newlands laws of octaves)
What are the properties of Group 1 ‘alkali metals?
- are more reactive the further down the column
- form ions with a +1 charge
- reacts with water to form hydrogen and hydroxides. (Alkali solution)
- are metals
- the further down the column the lower the boiling point
What are the properties of the group 7 ‘halogens’?
- Non metals
- react with metals to form ionic compounds that dissolve in water to form a colourless solution
- form HALIDE IONS with a charge of -1
- more reactive the higher up the column
- lowest melting point at the top of the column
What makes temporary water hard?
HYDROGENCARBONATE IONS
How does sodium carbonate soften hard water?
Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium and magnesium ions forming calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
The water is softened as the Ca and Mg ions have been removed
How does an ion exchange column work?
As hard water flows through the column, calcium ions are swapped for sodium ions, the water leaves without Ca ions and is softened
What is a positive ion?
A positive ion is a atom that has lost electrons.
this happens in metal and hydrogen atoms
What is a negative ion
A negative ion is a non-metal atom that has gained electrons
Equilibrium: what happens to the equilibrium when the temperature is increased?
It favours the endothermic reaction
Equilibrium: what happens to the equilibrium when the temperature is decreased?
It favours the exothermic reaction
What happens when the pressure is increase in an equilibrium?
It favours the side with the least molecules
How are esters produced?
React a carboxylic acid with and alcohol
What are 3 properties of carboxylic acids?
- dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
- react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
- react with alcohols to produce ESTERS when a catalyst is added
Are Esters volatile compounds?
Yes. They evaporate easily and have distinctive smells. They are used in perfume and food colouring
What are 3 properties of Alcohols?
- dissolve in water to a form a neutral solution
- react with sodium to produce hydrogen
- burn in the air
How can ethanol be oxidised to ethanoic acid?
By chemicals called oxidising agents or the actions of microbes
What are the steps for carrying out a titration?
1: acid in a burette
2: alkalis in a flask using a pipette
3: a suitable inductor is added to the alkali
4: starting reading on the burette is noted from the miniscus
5: acid is added until the colour changes (The end point)
6: the end reading is noted from the miniscus
Titration calculations
Step 1(Concentration x Volume) divide by 1000
Step 2(Moles x 1000) divided by volume
