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1
Q

What colour do sodium ions burn

A

Yellow

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2
Q

What colour do potassium ions burn

A

Lilac

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3
Q

What colour do calcium ions burn

A

Red

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4
Q

What colour do barium ions burn

A

Green

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5
Q

What colour precipitate forms when a few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to a solution with copper(II) Cu2+ ions in it

A

Blue

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6
Q

What colour precipitate forms when a few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to a solution with iron(II) Fe2+ ions in it

A

Green

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7
Q

What colour precipitate forms when a few drops of sodium hydroxide are added to a solution with iron(III) Fe3+ ions in it

A

brown

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8
Q

Which metal ions form a white precipitate when sodium hydroxide solution is added

A

Magnesium ions-Mg2+
Calcium ions-Ca2+
Aluminium ions-Al3+

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9
Q

How would you test for carbonate ions?

A

Add an acid.

If carbonate ions are present, the solution will bubble. These bubbles are carbon dioxide

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10
Q

How would you test for sulphate ions?

A

Add dilute hydrochloride acid, then barium chloride solution.
If sulphate ions are present, A white precipitate will form

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11
Q

How would you test for halide ions?

A

Add dilute nitric acid, then silver nitrate solution

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12
Q

What colour do lithium ions burn

A

Crimson

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13
Q

What colour precipitate would form if nitric acid and silver nitrate were added to a solution containing chloride ions?

A

A white precipitate would form

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14
Q

What colour precipitate would form if nitric acid and silver nitrate were added to a solution containing iodide ions?

A

A yellow precipitate would form

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15
Q

What colour precipitate would form if nitric acid and silver nitrate were added to a solution containing bromide ions?

A

A cream precipitate would form

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16
Q

What functional group do alcohols have?

A

-OH Hydroxyl group

17
Q

What functional group do Carboxylic acids have?

A

-COOH Carboxyl group

18
Q

What functional group do Esters have?

A

-COO Esters group

19
Q

How is the modern periodic table organised?

A

The elements are arranged in order of atomic number (proton number)

20
Q

How was the early periodic table organised

A

They were arranged according to their atomic weight and the properties of the elements
(See Newlands laws of octaves)

21
Q

What are the properties of Group 1 ‘alkali metals?

A
  • are more reactive the further down the column
  • form ions with a +1 charge
  • reacts with water to form hydrogen and hydroxides. (Alkali solution)
  • are metals
  • the further down the column the lower the boiling point
22
Q

What are the properties of the group 7 ‘halogens’?

A
  • Non metals
  • react with metals to form ionic compounds that dissolve in water to form a colourless solution
  • form HALIDE IONS with a charge of -1
  • more reactive the higher up the column
  • lowest melting point at the top of the column
23
Q

What makes temporary water hard?

A

HYDROGENCARBONATE IONS

24
Q

How does sodium carbonate soften hard water?

A

Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium and magnesium ions forming calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
The water is softened as the Ca and Mg ions have been removed

25
Q

How does an ion exchange column work?

A

As hard water flows through the column, calcium ions are swapped for sodium ions, the water leaves without Ca ions and is softened

26
Q

What is a positive ion?

A

A positive ion is a atom that has lost electrons.

this happens in metal and hydrogen atoms

27
Q

What is a negative ion

A

A negative ion is a non-metal atom that has gained electrons

28
Q

Equilibrium: what happens to the equilibrium when the temperature is increased?

A

It favours the endothermic reaction

29
Q

Equilibrium: what happens to the equilibrium when the temperature is decreased?

A

It favours the exothermic reaction

30
Q

What happens when the pressure is increase in an equilibrium?

A

It favours the side with the least molecules

31
Q

How are esters produced?

A

React a carboxylic acid with and alcohol

32
Q

What are 3 properties of carboxylic acids?

A
  • dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
  • react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
  • react with alcohols to produce ESTERS when a catalyst is added
33
Q

Are Esters volatile compounds?

A

Yes. They evaporate easily and have distinctive smells. They are used in perfume and food colouring

34
Q

What are 3 properties of Alcohols?

A
  • dissolve in water to a form a neutral solution
  • react with sodium to produce hydrogen
  • burn in the air
35
Q

How can ethanol be oxidised to ethanoic acid?

A

By chemicals called oxidising agents or the actions of microbes

36
Q

What are the steps for carrying out a titration?

A

1: acid in a burette
2: alkalis in a flask using a pipette
3: a suitable inductor is added to the alkali
4: starting reading on the burette is noted from the miniscus
5: acid is added until the colour changes (The end point)
6: the end reading is noted from the miniscus

37
Q

Titration calculations

A

Step 1(Concentration x Volume) divide by 1000

Step 2(Moles x 1000) divided by volume

Gcse revision (5 decks)

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