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Parasitology Lec > Flagellates > Flashcards

Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

general characteristics of Intestinal / urogenital flagellates

A

All inhabit the large intestine / colon except Giardia
lamblia (found in small intestine), Trichomonas vaginalis (found in urogenital area), Trichomonas tenax (found in the mouth or oral cavity)

All undergo encystation (having a cyst stage) except Trichomonas species

All are commensals or nonpathogenic except Giardia lamblia, Dientamoeba fragilis and Trichomonas vaginalis

All undergo asexual reproduction through binary fission

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2
Q

also known as G. intestinalis, G. lamblia, Cercomonas intestinalis

A

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

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3
Q

Final host, Habitat and MOT of Gardia duodenalis, REservoir host

A

Final host: man

Habitat: small intestine

MOT: ingestion of infective cyst

REservoir: Beaver

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4
Q 
Causative agent of:
○ Giardiasis
○ Traveller’s Disease
○ Backpacker’s diarrhea
○ Fever
A

GIARDIA DUODENALIS

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5
Q

Trophozoite will undergo longitudinal binary fission

A

Gardia duodenalis trophozoite

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6
Q

Diagnostic stage of G. duodenalis

A

Both trophozoite and cyst

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7
Q

Gardia duodenalis cyst characterists

A

Oval in shape
● Outer wall – hyaline cyst wall, clear surrounding the
parasite
● Presence of 2-4 nuclei
● Prominent or large karyosome inside the nucleus Axoneme
● 2 parabasal / median bodies – energizing structures of the parasite, made up of RNA
● Abundant in stool specimens

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8
Q

Gardia duodenalis trophozoite characterists

A

● Pear / pyriform shape
● Bilaterally symmetrical – can be divided into 2 equal parts
● Characteristic: Old man’s face w/ glasses appearance
● Slightly curve on a side view – spoon like appearance
● 2 nuclei only
● Presence of karyosome
● Presence of median / parabasal bodies (claw hammer shape appearance)
● Axostyle – composed of axonemes; function for support, provide structure found at mid portion of parasite
● Presence of 8 flagella (4 lateral, 2 ventral, 2 caudal - lower part)
● Presence of 2 ventral sucking disk (a virulence
factor) – reason why its pathogenic, uses for attachment
to the lining of small intestine, preventing the absorption
of nutrients (malabsorption)
● In fresh specimens, you would see this in a NSS, parasite
would be moving in a characteristic motility, described as Falling leaf motility

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9
Q

● Also associated with Gay Bowel Syndrome because this infection is quite common among certain groups of people who are practicing certain sexual activities (oral-fecal activities)

A

Gardia infections

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10
Q

Pathogenicity / Virulence factors of Gardia Lamblia includes

A

2 ventral sucking disk (main virulence factor)

Lectin - for adhesion

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11
Q

Attachment of G. lamblia causes

A

Alteration of mucosal lining

Causes villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy

Presence of VSPs (Variant Surface Proteins)

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12
Q

Used by the parasites (like G. duodenalis) to hide or evade from the immune system/response

A

Variant Surface Proteins

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13
Q

Diagnosis of G. lamblia / duodenalis

At least collect _ specimens on alternate days ○ In a span of _ days

A

3 specimen

span of 10 days

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14
Q

○ 1 or 2 nuclei
○ Nuclear membrane has no peripheral chromatin
○ Karyosome: 4-6 discrete granules

A

DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS

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15
Q

MOT of Dientamoeba Fragilis

A

Fecal-oral route or via transmission of helminth eggs

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16
Q

Habitat of Dientamoeba Fragilis

A

mucosal crypts of the appendix, cecum and the upper colon

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17
Q

Common symptoms: intermittent diarrhea w/ excess

mucus

A

Caused by Dientamoeba fragilis

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18
Q

Symptomatic individuals may manifest: loss of appetite, colicky abdominal pain, and intermittent diarrhea with excess mucus, abdominal tenderness, a bloating sensation, and flatulence

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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19
Q

Does not invade tissues, but its presence in the

intestines produces irritation of the mucosa with secretion of excess mucus and hypermotility of the bowel

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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20
Q

Causes trichomoniasis

A

TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

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21
Q

Habitat and MOTs od TRichomonas vagialis

A

Habitat: urogenital area

MOTs:
Sexual intercourse
Infant delivery
Contaminated towels and underwear

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22
Q

Exists only in trophozoite stage

A

Trichomonas specie

23
Q

Characteristics of T. vaginalis trophozoite

A

Has a pyriform shape

with four free anterior flagella that
appear to arise from a simple stalk, and a fifth flagellum embedded in the undulating membrane (membrane extends to about half the organism’s length)

● Has a median axostyle and a single nucleus

24
Q 
Common symptoms
➢ Vaginal discharge (green/yellow color)
➢ Intense itchiness and burning sensation
➢ Vulvitis
➢ Dysuria
➢ Postpartum endometritis
➢ Strawberry cervix (2% of the cases)

Males: Asymptomatic (sometimes urethritis and prostatitis)

A

Manifestation of trichominiasis

25
Q

Gold standard in diagnosis of trichomoniasis

A

Culture (takes 2-5 days)

26
Q

A noninvasive, non-pathogenic flagellate that resides in the cecal area of large intestine of humans and other primates

A

PENTATRICHOMONAS (TRICHOMONAS) HOMINIS

27
Q

Characteristics of pentatrichomonas hominis

A

Pyriform shape
7-13 micrometer

has five anterior flagella and a posterior flagellum
projecting from an undulating membrane

cytostome and the nucleus are situated at the anterior end

an axostyle extends from anterior to posterior along the
midaxis

28
Q

pyriform flagellate

Smaller and more slender that T. vaginalis

A

TRICHOMONAS TENAX

29
Q

Characteristics of Trichomonas tenax

A

has four free equal flagella and a fifth one on the margin
of an undulating membrane which does not reach the posterior end of the body, and lacks a free posterior extension

Has single nucleus and cytostome

30
Q

MOT of Trichomonas tenax

A

Droplet spray from mouth, kissing, common use of contaminated dishes and drinking glasses

31
Q

Trichomonas tenax causes

A

pulmonary trichomoniasis

32
Q

Diagnosis of T. tenax

A

swabbing of tartar of teeth, gingival margin or tonsillar crypts

33
Q

● inhabits the cecal region of the large intestine

● has well-defined trophic and cystic stages

A

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI

34
Q

CHILOMASTIX MESNILI trophozoite characteristics

A

asymmetrical pear-shaped (as a result of spiral)

groove extending through the middle half of the body

Boring and spiral forward movement

Movement is done by the three anterior free flagella and a more delicate one within the prominent cytostome

35
Q

MOT of Chilomastix mesnili

A

ingestion of cysts in food

36
Q

Chilomastix mesnili cyst characteristics

A

pear- or lemon-shaped

○ broadly rounded at one end and somewhat bluntly
conical at the other end which has a knob-like
protuberance that is visible occasionally

reveal a fibril on either side of the
cytostome

37
Q

non-pathogenic, but if present in sufficient numbers cause diarrhea; intestinal problems

A

Chilomastix mesnili

38
Q

Flagellates that are found in the blood and other fluids (CSF) and in tissues

A

Blood and tissue flagellates

39
Q

Examples of Blood and tissue flagellates

A

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

40
Q

Vector borne flagellates

A

Trypanosoma

Leishmania

41
Q

General characteristics of Blood and tissue flagellates

A

Only Trypanosoma and Leishmania infect humans

Transmitted by a bite of an infected vector

There are four morphological forms:
➢ Amastigote – (Donovan Leishman)
➢ Promastigote – (Leptomonas)
➢ Epimastigote – (Crithidia) 
➢ Trypomastigote
42
Q

All morphological forms are found in

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

43
Q

Only the epimastigote and trypomastigote are seen in

A

Trypanosoma brucei

44
Q

Only the amastigote and promastigote are seen in

A

Leishmanni

45
Q

Diagnostic Stages (found in humans)

A

Amastigote and Trypanomastigote

46
Q

Causative agent of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

47
Q

Habitat of trypanosoma cruzi

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES), cardiac muscle, CNS

48
Q

Intermediate host Vector:

A

Reduviid Bug, (kissing bug)

49
Q

MOT of trypanosoma cruzi

A

Feces of vector entering bite wound; blood transfusion, organ transplants; transplacentally

50
Q

Amastigote stage characteroistic

A

Found in blood stream

Posterior end is usually
pointed. Undulating membrane is narrow with two to
three undulations

51
Q

Trypomastigote stage characteristics

A

found in tissue cells

Round and ovoid in shape

52
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness; aka Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)

A

TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI COMPLEX

53
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma Brucei Complex

A

Tsetse fly

Parasitology Lec (5 decks)

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