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Parasitology Lec > Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

Which specialized organelle is employed by coccidians, to gain entry to target cells?

A

Apical Complex

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2
Q

True or False: In the life cycle of Babesia, the ticks functions as a definitive host

A

True
man is the intermediate host
same as malaria
definitive host is always the vector

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3
Q

True or False: In the life cycle of Plasmodium, schizogony occurs in humans

A

True

Many phases: sporogony, merogony, zoogony, schizogony

Sporogony – vector/insect

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4
Q

The presence of Maltese Cross Pattern of Merozoites and absence of gametocytes are associated with which coccidian? Give the genus only.

A

Babesia

Rare infection
Zoonotic infection
Infection of animals in the wild
Humans get this disease when coming in close contact with animal or where they thrive (forest, farm)

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5
Q

True or False P. malaria preferably infects young RBCs

A

False

P.vivax - Only one that loves to infect young RBCs

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6
Q

newly formed RBCs coming out of the bone marrow

A

Reticulocytes

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7
Q

Final host / difinitive host

A

ticks (also the vector)

man is the intermediate host
same as malaria
definitive host is always the vector

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8
Q

6 Generalities of Apicomplexa

A

Intracellular protozoans

Possess apical complex (or apical end)

Microneme/Rhoptries/Polar Ring– secretory organelle

Has no free living state

May require an intermediate host to complete the life cycle

Undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction.

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9
Q

Specialized group of organelles found in one end of the organism

to gain entry to target cells?

A

apical complex

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10
Q

secretory organelle

Needed for the organism to evade and attach on the host cell (wall of the blood vessel/RBC/any cell)

A

Microneme/Rhoptries/Polar ring

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11
Q

apical organelles are expressed during

A

invasive / motile stage

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12
Q

Has a Role in the interaction of the parasite with the host cell (subsequent invasion).

A

apical complex

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13
Q

Classification of Apicomplexa

A

Present in Blood

Intestinal Coccidians

Tissue Coccidians (Extraintestinal)

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14
Q

rare and are considered as opportunistic pathogens

A

Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Sarcosystis

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15
Q

Associated with people with AIDS
Present in our everyday interaction with the environment
Cats – natural hosts
In the normal healthy state, we do not get infected
Immunocompromised (AIDS, cancer, drugs, immunosuppressants like steroids, anti-cancer) can get infected.

A

opportunistic pathogens

Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Sarcosystis

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16
Q

Important in veterinary medicine and agriculture

Cattle industry, chicken industry

A

Babesia, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium

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17
Q

etiologic agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium

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18
Q

Does not exist in the free-living thing, they have to be inside a host
remain inside the cell of the host

A

Intracellular parasites

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19
Q

Vector borne parasite of Plasmodium

A

Female Anopheles

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

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20
Q

Night biting mosquito

A

Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris

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21
Q

Female is the notorious one that sucks blood, needs blood for

they need hemoglobin for

A

Oogensis or reproduction

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22
Q

are subtle or harmless because they rely on plant juice (nectar)

A

male anopheles

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In plasmodium It is the female that transmits the disease

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Plasmodium MOT

A

bite of mosquito (major);

blood transfusions;

congenital (vertical transmission-from mother to the fetus)

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25
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

sporogony

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26
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

schizogony

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27
Q

Infective stage to Man

A

Sporozoite

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28
Q

the product of sexual reproduction and this comes from the mosquito

A

Sporozoite

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29
Q

The mosquito gets the infection form humans by ingesting the

A

gametes (byproducts of schizogony) – microgametes (male) and macrogametes (female)

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30
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa, exhibits all general life cycle forms but they can vary from species to species (each species have a unique cycle and these cycles consist the sexual and asexual reproductive forms)

What are the Three distinctive processes (in plasmodium)

A

Sporogony – sexual stage

Merogony – proliferation of trophozoites, happens in humans

Gametogony – part of Schizogony, gametes are the final form of Schizogony

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31
Q

species which only involves one host, carried out in a single host and often in a single cell tissue type or single cell tissue (single cell type or specific tissue)

A

Monoxenous species

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32
Q

infesting more than one kind of host especially: requiring at least two kinds of host to complete the life cycle —used of various parasites (as the malaria parasites or the liver flukes) *yan sabi sa search ko

A

Heteroxenous species

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33
Q

Plasmodium species are
A. monoxenous
B. Heteroxenous

(?????)

A

Monoxenous species attacking only the RBCs (?????????)

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34
Q

what do you call the cycle that occurs in the liver

A

exo-erythrocytic cycle / pre-erythocytic cycle

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35
Q

mature form of trophozoite

A

schizont

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36
Q

what do you call the cycle that occurs in the red cells

A

erythrocytic cycle

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37
Q

most virulent and aggressive of the plasmodium which is associated with parasitic burden

A

plasmodium falciparum

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38
Q

immature form of trophozoite

A

ring form

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39
Q

infective stage to the mosquito

A

gametocytes

40
Q

The gametocytes, once inside the mozquito, will undergo what cycl

A

sporogony (sexual reproduction)

41
Q

macro and microgametocyte when united will form

A

ookinete (like a zygote but motile)

42
Q

Ookinete will go the GI tract of mosquito (stomach) and will develop to

A

oocyst which will be diverted to the salivary gland it will develop and rupture again releasing the sporozoites

43
Q

Sporozoites are released from

A

the salivary gland – proboscis (sucking apparatus) of the mosquito where they will be release by the saliva of the mosquito

44
Q

merogony happens in

A

humans (specifically liver ?)

45
Q

rupture of schizont in the liver will form

A

merozoites – hypnozoite – cryptozoites

46
Q

a malarial parasite in the stage of development during which it lives in tissue cells prior to invading the blood cells.

A

cryptozoites

47
Q

P. falciparum undergoes what cycle in the human

A

both exo-erythrocytic and erythrocytic cycle

that’s why the treatment for Falciparum is difficult because you have to target two cycles

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

All plasmodium species undergo both exo-erythrocytic and erythrocytic cycle

A

FALSE

Not all plasmodium has exo-erythrocytic cycle, others only has the erythrocytic cycle

49
Q

quiescent form of plasmodium is found in

A

liver

50
Q

sporogony has how many cycle

A

1 only

51
Q

merogony and schizogony have how many cycle

A

many unending cycle

52
Q

the most notorious and aggressive because the parasitic burden is very high and when they rupture, they infect more red blood cells and liver cells and you can have several of them infecting one cell

A

Plasmodium falciparum

53
Q

Number of merozoites in schizont of P. falciparum

A

6-32

8-38

54
Q

attacks both the young and the mature RBCs

A

Plasmodium falciparum

55
Q

Plasmodium falciparum causes what malaria

A

malignant tertian

takes about 3 days, anywhere between 24-36 hours

Day 1 - day 0
Day 2 - 24 hours
Day 2 - 36 hours

56
Q

In P. falciparum

the remnant of the host RBC is called

A

Laveran’s bib

57
Q

attacks young RBCs (reticulocytes)

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

58
Q

of merozoites of P.vivax schizont

A

12-24 average of 16

59
Q

mature parasites ingest hemoglobin and leave behind by-products called

A

hemozoin pigment – dots around the gametocyte

60
Q

coarse granulations present in red blood cells invaded by the falciparum malaria parasite

A

Maurer’s dots

61
Q

punctate granulations present in red blood cells invaded by the tertian malaria parasite

A

Schuffner’s dots

62
Q

broad trophozoite band form is found in

A

P. malariae

63
Q

wide band across the equator of the red blood cell is found in

A

P. malariae

64
Q

peculiar / daisy-like formation is found in

A

P. malariae

65
Q

of merozoites in P. malariae schizont

A

8-12 merozoites

66
Q

of merozoites in P. ovale schizont

A

12-24 ???

67
Q

zoonotic (species affecting long tailed macaques)

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

68
Q

infection in local primates (wild monkeys)

also responsible for the local transmission of Reston ebolavirus

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

69
Q

endemic areas (of P. knowlesi infection)

A

Malaysia
Philippines
other Southeast Asian countries

70
Q

morphologically similar to P. malariae (and even its life cycle)

A

P. knowlesi

71
Q

can mimic other specie

A

P. knowlesi ?

72
Q

ring form

band form trophozoite

A

P. malariae

73
Q

remains the leading parasitic disease that cause mortality worldwide

North Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Florida coast

A

malaria

74
Q

Classic Paroxysms – characteristic periodicity

A

Chills (15-60 mins)
Fever (2-6 hours)
Sweating (2-4 hours)

75
Q

other signs and symptoms of malaria

A 
Anemia
Splenomegaly
Headache
Body Pains
Nausea
Vomiting
Pallor
76
Q

in malaria there is a possible occurrence of

A

Relapse and Recrudescence

77
Q

infections are usually benign

A

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale

78
Q

Pathogenesis of P. falciparum

A

presence of “sticky knobs” in infected RBCs (cytoadhesion)

79
Q

in P. falciprarum infection, the infected RBC has the presence of

A

“sticky knobs”
(cytoadhesion)

PfEMP-1 (most adhesive protein)

80
Q

has receptors that enable infected RBCs to cling to the wall of endothelial cells of capillary forming microthrombus and aggregate to form a clot
can lead to neurological symptoms

A

P. falciparum

81
Q

formation of microthrombi in the capillaries of the brain resulting to

A

malignant Cerebral Malaria

82
Q

Complication of Malaria include

A

Cerebral Malaria

Blackwater Malaria

83
Q

urinate dark-colored urine because of the rupture of RBCs forming hemoglobinuria (nephrotic syndrome)

A

Blackwater Malaria

84
Q

In blackwater malaria the urine is dark-colored because of

A

the rupture of RBCs forming hemoglobinuria (nephrotic syndrome)

85
Q

a nephrotic syndrome caused by blackwater malaria

A

hemoglobinuria – dark-colored urine due to ruptures of RBCs

86
Q

most malarial cases are still coming from

93% of cases

A

African Region (93%)

87
Q

widest distribution of malaria (species and place)

A

P. falciparum (in Africa, SEA, Western Pacific Region)

P. vivax (in America)

88
Q

most prevalent specie in Philippine setting

A

P. falciparum is the most prevalent

89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

● Mixed Infections may also occur

A

TRUE

90
Q

Innate Resistance to Infection is seen among:

A

○ Patients with Thalassemia
○ Duffy Blood Group
○ G6PB deficient persons

91
Q

Lab diagnosis Gold Standard

A

Microscopy

Preparation of Thick and Thin Smears

92
Q

Sample used

A

Capillary Blood

93
Q

Stain use in thick and thin smear

A

Stain Used: Giemsa (pH 7.2)

94
Q

Diagnostic tests

A 
○ Quantitative Buffy Coat
○ Rapid Diagnostic Tests
○ Serology (IFAT)
○ Molecular Methods
○ Culture
95
Q

mainstay drug for malaria

A

● Chloroquine

96
Q

Other drugs for malarial treatment

A

Artemisinin based Combination therapies (ACTs) ) – such as Arthemeter-Lumefantrine (Coartem)

○ Quinine
○ Primaquine
○ Prophylactic Drugs – mefloquine,
doxycycline, atovaquone/proguanil

Parasitology Lec (5 decks)

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