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FKA's & FIFA > FKA 3 > Flashcards

FKA 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When processing the scene of a death, what are some considerations prior to moving the body

A

1) photograph the body in situ
2) examine body visually
3) examined with forensic Lightsource
4) use bags on the hands, feet and head
5) Collect fragile evidence

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2
Q

Name the common bio-hazards associated with violent crime or death scenes as well as which arti-facts at the scene present bio-hazards

A

1) blood
2) urine
3) feces
4) saliva
5) vomit
6) infectious disease (HIV, hepatits, etc)

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3
Q

What is Adipocere

A

A gray – white coloured wax like substance as a result of decomposition of fatty tissue in deceased bodies caused by the hydrolysis of lipids. Occurs as early as two weeks or as late as two months post death, with variables such as temperature/weather, items around the body (plastic) and/or burial/embalming methods

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4
Q

What is forensic odontology

A

The use of dental knowledge in identifying bite marks and unknown human remains. Teeth and bite marks are unique and therefore identifiable and can be compared against dental records or a test impression can be obtained from the subject

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5
Q

In nanometers, what is the wavelength of the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

400-700 Nanometers

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6
Q

The term luminescence is a general term that incorporates various phenomena including thermoluminescence, bio luminescence, chemical luminesence Which in turn includes fluorescence and phosphorescence. Briefly describe what each term means

A

Thermoluminescence; light admission from absorption of light energy

Bio luminescence; light admission from a biological process

Chemical luminescence; light emission from a chemical process

Photoluminescence; light emission from absorption of light energy

  • florescence; light emitted during excitation
  • phosphorescence; light emitted after excitation
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7
Q

During the process of qualifying yourself as an expert in court defence counsel asks are you an expert in the location, development, collection, analysis and identification of fingerprints. How would you answer this?

A

A Courr designates who an expert is or deems a person to be an expert. However, specifically in the area of collection of evidence, through training and operational files, I have gained the knowledge ability and experience to complete an accurate and complete assessment of the evidence and provide an accurate an opinion and therefore yes I am an expert in this field.

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8
Q

Often forensic identification personnel will make reference in the reports or during testimony to unsuitable friction Ridge impressions. During cross-examination, defence counsel asked you to clarify the expression for the court and describe what a suitable impression is. How would you clarify the expression to the court in order to reflect your impartiality

A

That there was sufficient information in quantity and quality to identify to a known source or to exclude

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9
Q

What does AFIS acconym stand for

A

Automated fingerprint identification system

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10
Q

How are latent fingerprints or physical evidence, developed at a crime scene, to be marked prior to photographing and lifting

A

1) circle the impression
2) assign an R or F number
3) dial number
4) date
5) initials
6) orientation - arrow (if applicable)

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11
Q

It is likely that the ridge detail of a fingerprint which has been developed with chemistry powder can be further enhance by the application of lightning gray powder. What about the reverse?

A

Yes, it can work both ways. Best success with a first application of silver powder, photograph and lift the impression, use a guttural breath on the impression, then develop with chemistry powder, photograph and lift again

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12
Q

What method would you use to develop/enhance a fingerprint on a waxy or a oily surface

A

1) florescence examination
2) Sudan black
3) cyanoacrylate
4) Chemist gray powder

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13
Q

List 2 recommended methods of developing/enhancing latent fingerprints on plastic bags

A

1) cyanoacrylate, view with white light and further process with fluorescent dye stains if applicable
2) Vacuum metal deposition

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14
Q

If silver gray fingerprint powder is used to examine a black, plastic cash register tray, what will probably happen to the fingerprint powder when it applied

A

The impression will over develop and/or fill in

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15
Q

List two recommended methods of lifting a finger print from a very rough surface or oddly shaped surface

A

1) gel/rubber lifter

2) impression moulding materials
- White school style glue
- Coe-flex

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16
Q

Where will you locate the recommended formula for preparing ninhydrin working solution

A

1) recipe book for chemical solutions located in the FIS office
2) Q-Pulse; search for ninhydrin working solution
3) copy of recipes received from the Canadian police college

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17
Q

Which technique is recommended for developing fingerprints on wet or damp, non-porous surfaces

A

Small particle reagent

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18
Q

How can you intensify a week fingerprint developed with magna fingerprint powder

A

1) guttural breath

2) chemicals (ninyhdrin/DFO)

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19
Q

Describe the cyanoacrylate fingerprint development process

A

Occurs in a sealed chamber in which moisture is introduced creating humidity. Cyanoacrylate is heated on an element causing it to evaporate and as a result this bapor of water/cyanoacrylate polymerizes on the sweat/sebaceous oils and appear as white friction ridges. Post processing, dye stains can be used to enhance impression further and subsequently view them with the appropriate alternate light source for the dye being used

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20
Q

Name five different chemical reagents that could be used to enhance fingerprints and blood

A

1) Amido black
2) aqueous Leuco crystal violet ALCV
3) brilliant blue
4) acid yellow 7
5) acid violet 17

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21
Q

How would you enhance a friction ridge impression, believed to be blood, on a dark colored, nonporous surface

A

1) fluorescent light source
2) coloured development powders
3) vacuum metal deposition chamber
4) Chemicals (acid yellow and violet)
5) Cyanoacrylate

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22
Q

Will cyanoacrylate fuming interfere with acid yellow seven an acid violet 17 development of a bloody impression on a nonporous surface

A

Yes

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23
Q

Explain the proper procedure to conduct a presumptive test of a stain, suspected to be blood, using a hemastix and what precautions should be taken

A

Indirect test. Sterile swab. Drip sterile water on swab. Suave a small area of the steam away from the main/Central perk of stain. Place swab on hemastix. Note result. If swab is taken subsequently, note on the envelope that indirect hemastix test was conducted. New gloves should be worn between each swab and examiner should wear a mask.

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24
Q

What are the three main categories of bloodstains encountered a crime scenes

A

1) gravity
2) Spatter
3) Transfer

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25
Q

List seven factors that may be determined by the analysis of blood stains

A

1) Point of origin
2) position of victim
3) Direction of impact
4) movement of person shedding blood
5) movement of person after incident
6) Number of impacts by object
7) Object/source distance

26
Q

In a scene where are you suspect blood has been cleaned up, prior to any chemical use, how would you conduct your visible examination and where

A

Begin with white light and florescence light source examination in areas where blood may have been missed when the cleanup was conducted (furniture, walls, ceilings, clothes, cracks of floors, etc.)

27
Q

How is infrared photography helpful in documenting bloodstain patterns on some surfaces

A

Creates contrast on dark or multicoloured surfaces

28
Q

Is Luminol a presumptive test for blood

A

Yes

29
Q

Name three basic types of construction used to manufacture tire

A

1) Radial
2) bias ply
3) bias Belted

30
Q

Name seven basic components of the modern radial tire

A

1) tread
2) bead (heal/toe)
3) plies
4) belts
5) sidewall
6) shoulder
7) cap

31
Q

In a forensic tire examination it is important to know whether a tire was manufactured before or after the date of offence for which the tire is alleged to have been involved.

Which numbers represent which from this serial number.

DOT PDL9 BYC 4405

A

DOT = meets/exceeds DOT standards

PD = Manufacturer’s location

L9 = Tire size number

BYC = Optional manufacturer numbers

4405 = date: 44th week of 2005

32
Q

What is meant by the term mold rotation or mold offset

A

When the top and bottom halves of a tire mold or misaligned or offset leaving a defect or imperfection in the tire

33
Q

Name two annual publications which can assist in identifying possible automotive tire brand

A

1) tire guide Inc.

2) Who makes it? And where? Directory

34
Q

List three of the five factors that may cause irregular or accelerated vehicle tire wear

A

1) over/under inflation
2) incorrectly balanced
3) toe is in/out
4) camber out of alignment

35
Q

An Intercal part of the forensic analysis and comparison of a vehicle tire impression is the identification of the noise treatment. Explain the term and it’s significance to the analysis

A

A technique of positioning geometric shape trade elements in a varied arrangement on a radial tire in a manner in which the pitch of each element is positioned to reduce road noise. The noise treatment pattern can assist and narrowing the search of the area of the tire for the purposes of comparison as it is not repeated throughout the radial tire circumference

36
Q

A vehicle tire impression has been linked to a crime scene. Research indicates that the tire with that particular tread pattern is manufactured by Goodyear but the second suspect vehicle has a Moto master tire with the same tread pattern. How could this occur.

A

1) Goodyear made the tires for Moto master

2) Goodyear sold molds to Moto master

37
Q

What is the recommended procedure to measure the wheelbase of a vehicle using only it’s tire tracks

A

From the leading edge of the front tire to the leading edge of the back tire

38
Q

Explain the procedure to determine the track with of a vehicle based on its tire marks which have been left in the dirt

A

Measure from the centre of the tire tread to the centre of the tire tread of the front and rear sets of tires

39
Q

To avoid damaging a three dimensional impression and snow, when using liquid sulphur as a casting medium, what is the most critical time prior to pouring

A

When the Sulphur begins to cool

40
Q

What concerns were raised by the NAS committee pertaining to friction ridge examination and more specifically ACE-V methodology

A
  • that ACE-V is a broadly stated framework for conducting friction ridge analysis
  • that this framework is not specific enough to qualify as a validated method for this type of analysis
  • does not guard against bias; remains up to the examiner to remain subjective
  • too broad to ensure repeatability and transparency
  • does not guarantee that two analysts following it will attain same result
41
Q

According to the PCAST report what two Black box studies validate the ACE-V process

A

1) FBI/Noblis Black box study

2) Miami Dade black box study

42
Q

According to the OSAC response to the PCAST REPORT, what is the correct false positive rate in the Miami Dade black box study

A

0.19 %

43
Q

What is cognitive bias

A

When a person processes and interprets information in the world around them and this affects the decisions and judgments that they make

44
Q

What is meant by adequate documentation

A

The documentation of the conclusions and reasoning of an examiner in a transparent manner. The documentation should be sufficient in detail so that another examiner could understand the basis for which the conclusion was made and be able to re-create the process taken.

45
Q

What conclusions were drawn from the 2011 FBI and Noblis corporation study into error rates

A

False positive rate 0.1%

False negative rates 7.5%

46
Q

What is meant by inter-examiner agreement

A

The process of two examiners reaching the same conclusion on the same fingerprint comparison

47
Q

What is meant by Intra-examiner agreement

A

The process of an examiner consistently reaching the same conclusion on the same fingerprint comparisons

48
Q

Examiners repeated _________% of their identification decisions

A

89.1%

49
Q

What is meant by sufficiency?

A

That there is sufficient detail of quality and quantity in an impression for further analysis, comparison and/or come to a conclusion

50
Q

Stokes Shift

A

The difference of wave length of light between excitation light…and light emitted as a result of excitation.

Think of UV light used on ardrox. The green light emitted as a result of being hit with UV is a longer wavelength of light and the difference between excitation light and emitted light is the stokes shift.

51
Q

What is confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search or interpret information in a manner that supports one’s preconceptions.

An example would be bias from the known because you’re comparing the known to the unknown

52
Q

What is contextual bias

A

The effect of information or outside influences has on the evaluation and interpretation of data.

An example would be GIS giving you arrest prints from a suspect and saying “he’s the guy it must be him”

53
Q

Dysplasia is a medical condition of friction skin. What is the origin of this medical condition?

A

A medical condition which occurs during the formation of friction ridges resulting in disassociated ridges.

Ridge units that did not form friction ridges due to a genetic cause. Abnormal development of cells within tissues.

54
Q

What are 3 techniques to develop a fingerprint impression on a deceased body, besides iodine fuming?

A

1) magnetic jet black powder
- granular powder containing pigment, metals & metal oxides

2) swedish black powder
- good adhesion to FP, with minimal adhesion to background surface

3) ruthenium tetroxide (RTX chemical dev)
- reacts with fatty oils/ fats of impressions, turns ridges brown/black in colour

55
Q

Reasons to experiment with fingerprint forgeries

A

Allows an examiner the ability to distinguish between real and forged impressions

Fingerprint moulds and transfers

  • unexplainable voids
  • inconsistencies with clarity
  • too many consistencies with multiple impressions of same mould
  • distortions not consistent; smearing, but no lateral or rotational movement
  • distortion not consistent with the substrate the impression was transferred from or on to
  • inconsistencies of foreign information, such as geometric shapes not consistent with the substrate

Ability to determine a forgery in an investigation can prove a person’s innocence.

56
Q

Dr William BABLER

A

Research of size/shape of volar pads at the onset of primary ridge development has influence on pattern.

Volar pads well rounded during rapid growth
- 9-10 weeks

After this time, some variation in both shape & position occurs

10-10.5 weeks, basal cells of epidermis rapidly divide

As volar pad epidermal cells divide, shallow ‘ledges’ visible on bottom of epidermis

These ledges delineate overall pattern that will be permanently established several weeks time

PR firar visual evidence of interaction between dermis & epidermis

57
Q

8 components of the tire tread

A
  • groove
  • notch
  • rib
  • rib element
  • lug
  • sipes
  • noise treatment
  • bead
  • bead heel
  • beed toe
  • sidewall
  • cap
  • shoulder
  • plies
  • belts
  • liner
58
Q

What are the databases part of the National DNA Databank?

A

1) Crime Scene Index
2) Convicted Offender Index
3) Victim’s Index

59
Q

If file has a retention period of more than 10 years, what do you do with the digital images? What is the appropriate policy?

A

All photos are burned to a onc-time writable gold archival CD or DVD disc

For rention longer than 10 years, all images shall be printed for archival.

Consider individual 4x6 inch photos or

‘4-up’ format of 4, 3.5x5 inch photos on a 8.5x11 inch photo quality paper

60
Q

What does Forensic mean

A

The use of science and technology in investigations and to you bring forth facts and evidence to a court of law

61
Q

ACE-V is a methodology used by the Forensic Indentification members. What is that methodology based on; what is its origin?

A

HUBER initially discussed ACE-V in 1959.
- purpose was to describe the philosophy of science & the correct use of the scientific method

  • HUBER described hypothesis testing as it related to the comparative sciences.
  • Used the words analyze, compare and evaluate (ACE) and the need for verification to describe this philosophy.

FKA's & FIFA (4 decks)

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