FIFA Flashcards
Describe the forensic identification field assessment
An assessment of 3 to 6 months which includes on the job experience under the supervision of an FIS specialist.
Completion of modular training and photography Assignments
The forensics identification apprentice training program consist of how many phases
Three phases
1) FIFA
2) completion of the CPC, FI course or equivalent
3) Apprenticeship
What is meant by a forensic identification certification board
Qualification board consists of three forensics identification specialists who will administer an examination consisting of an oral question/answer. And a moot trial to evaluate if the FIS employee is qualified to give expert opinion testimony
Who becomes a forensic identification specialist
An apprentice who successfully completes phase 3 of the FIATP
Which forensic identification duty will take precedence over other forensic identification duties
The examination of crime scenes to locate evidence will take presidents over other forensics duties IFIM 2.4.1.1
What is the primary function of a forensic identification member in relation to friction ridge impressions as stated in the IFIM
Using all appropriate methods and techniques in which they have been trained to locate process and identify evidence IFIM 2.7
What is the RCMP forensic identification services policy in preparation of evidence charts to support expert testimony
IFIM 2.7
1) prepare and use an illustrative chart for the impression identified in the case when tendering opinion evidence
2) only one chart for the impression having the greatest probable value regardless of the number of identified impressions
3) preparation of a friction ridge identification report for the impression that was charted for presentation in court
What are the permitted conclusions for physical impression of valuations
1) identification
2) exclusion
3) inconclusive
4) Association of class characteristics
5) Higher degree of association
What is the policy regarding forensic examination of major crime scene
1) At least 2 FI members will be involved in processing the crime scene with one investigator qualified as a specialist
2) divisional manager may approve a technician as leader of the investigation
3) It’s appropriate forensic light sources will be used to search the crime scene or exhibits for evidence
4) measurements will be taken at the crime scene for the eventual creation of a crime scene plan drawing; digital devices can be utilized
5) 3-D impressions will be photographed and cast
6) for bloodletting crime scenes the FI member will:
- conduct a visual assessment of the blood evidence
- evaluate its probative value
- consider contacting bloodstain pattern analysis and determine if attendance is required
7) BPA Can instruct the app I member at the scene to record evidence for subsequent blood stain analysis
8) Requirement of Other SME’s can be discussed through the forensic assessment centre
9) The FI member will monitor the expert at the crime scene and it sure appropriate follow up action is taken
10) When possible the FI members will be directly involved in investigators debriefing
What criteria must be met in order for a person to be lawfully fingerprinted
Sections 2(1)(a) i, ii, (b), (c) & (d)
Identification of criminals act
Where would you find your authority to fingerprint a young person
Section 113(1) of the YCJA
Besides fingerprinting what other processes are sanctioned by the identification of criminals act
Finger print, palm print, photographs and other measurements
- Height, weight, tattoos, etc.
Does the identification of criminals act provide you with The authority to obtain fingerprints for comparison purposes
No
Where will you find the legal authority to obtain foot impressions from an individual during an investigation
Section 487.092 Information for impression warrant
What are the four common law requirements stipulated in R vs Mohan (1984) In order for expert opinion evidence to be heard and excepted in court
1) relevance
2) necessity
3) properly qualified expert
4) Absence of an exclusionary rule
Canada has taken a middle ground, sometimes allowing for the exclusion of evidence, whenever its use threatens to bring the “administration of justice” into “disrepute.”
What are the legal disclosure requirements stipulated under 657.3 Of the criminal code of Canada in regard to expert opinion evidence testimony
- 30 days prior to trial, give notice to other party of intention to bring forth a person as an expert witness
- provide name of witness,
- description of area of expertise,
- statement of qualifications,
- provide copy of any reports prepared by witness
Can a forensic identification member use any technique and equipment during the course of his or her duties
Equipment approved by the Canadian standards association, and approved for use by the director of integrated forensics identification services
What must occur when a forensics identification member has been exposed to a biological or chemical hazard through inhalation, skin contact, ingestion or injection
- seek immediate medical assistance ASAP
- Report the work related injury immediately to commander/supervisor
- complete lab 1070
Can all forensic identification members you specialize personal protective equipment at CBRNE and clandestine laboratories
No, only members with applicable training can use the specialized PPE
When must a forensic identification member evaluate the types and levels of hazards present at a crime scene
Must be evaluated prior to entering any scene and continuously throughout the exam
In the laboratory, where must all examinations using hazardous chemicals be performed
Within the appropriate vented fume hood or wet station area
What is your responsibility when working in a potentially hazardous area
Be aware of the potential hazards and protect self accordingly
What is a WHMIS Label and why should hazardous materials be labelled
- Used internationally to consistently and properly classify hazardous materials
- Ensures containers are properly labelled and have proper documentation
- Ensures the safe handling of said materials
What is the absolute minimum information a workplace label must have according to WHMIS legislation
- Product identifier
- Safe handling instructions
- Reference to MSDS
According to WHMIS Legislation, what are the labelling requirements if hazardous material is kept in a container other than its original
- Requirements are the same, except
- controlled material is poured into a container and is used immediately
- material is under the control of the person who the decanted it and it is used in its entirety
Under WHMIS Who is responsible for labelling chemicals and chemical solutions
- Suppliers are responsible for labelling chemicals and chemical solutions
- Employees and employers may also be responsible for re-labelling as directed, if;
- Containers are changed or damaged, movement of chemicals from larger containers to small vials
What is the mechanism within the RCMP recording it hazardous incident and who is responsible for making the report
Lab 1070 form
Member involved should make the report if possible
What is a material safety data sheet
Technical document that provides detailed information on a controlled product
- Storage or use
- hazard evaluation related to a product handling
- Health effects of exposure
- emergency procedures
What personal protection measures are indicated on the MSDS for Ninhydrin
Safety goggles, gloves, vapour respirator, protective clothing
Why does the MSDS for cyanoacrylate caution against the use of cotton gloves
Large quantities of cyanoacrylate when in contact with cotton may catch fire
What is a fingerprint impression
An impression left on a surface of friction ridges of any or all parts of a digit (finger)
Who was the first European to allude to the uniqueness of friction ridge skin
JCA Mayer A German doctor, stated;
“…although the arrangement of skin ridges is never duplicated in 2 persons…”
Who was the first person to start a fingerprint persistency study
Sir William Herschel
Often recognized by the friends community as the father of fingerprinting, this person was the first to publish a scientific journal about the value of fingerprints is crime scene evidence
Doctor Henry Faulds
Who was Alphonse Bertillon and what was his contribution to get indication of criminals
French police officer who applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law-enforcement and subsequently created the anthropometry classification system (1882)
Who was the first to identify and name specific friction skin minutiae and how they are defined
Sir Francis Gaulton
When was the use a fingerprint system established in Canada and under what legislative sanction
July 21, 1908
Order of counsel was passed sanctioning the use fingerprints
When was the Canadian national fingerprint bureau established and how many sets of fingerprints were part of the original files
February 1911, on Wellington Street in Ottawa, across from Parliament
2042 fingerprints obtained by Edward Foster between 1906 and 1910
What are the anatomical layers of human skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
What are the functions of the anatomical layers
Epidermis
- prevents water loss through evaporation
- acts as a receptor organ
- provides a protective barrier for underlying tissues
Dermis
- layer of connective tissue that provides support and nourishment for the epidermis
- network of cells, fibers, blood vessels and gelatinous material
- serves as a blood reserve
- participates in sensory reception and temperature regulation
Hypodermis
- loose connective tissue that contains a pad of adipose cells (fat)
- Contours the body and serves as an energy reserve
- Fibres link the epidermis to the dermis and the dermis to the hypodermis
Where do you find volar skin
Underside of the hands and feet
What are the differences between volar skin and smooth skin
- smooth skin lacks friction ridges
- smooth skin has hair and sebaceous glands
- volar skin only has sweat glands
What is the concentration of eccrine sweat glands on friction skin
2,500 to 3,000 / 2.5cm squared
The largest on the body
What are the five layers of the epidermis
1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum lucidum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum spinosum
5) Stratum basale
Why is the epidermis divided into five layers
As a generates new cells in the basal layer, they are pushed towards the surface.
As the cells move toward the surface, they undergo sequential changes in chemical composition in which the cells become keratinocized during the stages of differentation
What are the effects of ageing on skin
The surface ridges flatten which causes them to appear less sharp
The loss of elasticity in the dermis causes the skin to become flaccid (wrinkle)
What type of injury cause a scar
Any injury that alters the basal layer template/infrastructure and
requires remarkable changes in the structure and physiology to repair the wound
Using Alfred Hales research on the growth of friction skin, give a summary of the development of friction ridges
- 3 weeks; epidermis is one cell thick
- 6 weeks; The hand is paddle like, some volar pads are starting to appear
- 8 weeks; The fingers have separated and elongated, thumb rotated, major flexion creases appear (palm, then fingers)
- 10.5 to 12 weeks; volar pad regression, primary ridges form due to rapid division of basal cells, form down into dermis & up from basal layer, longest ridges form first, shorter ridges later
- 15-17 weeks; Time of Differentation; secondary ridges begin to appear, form between exisiting ridges, primary ridges cease to dev in that area
- 20 weeks; secondary ridges established, FR’s visible on surface, final config does not change after 20 weeks
- 20-24 weeks; secondary ridges develop to same depth as primary ridges, 23 weeks, dermal papillae form on top of dermis between primary/secondary ridges, hugging primary, at 24 weeks entire system is mature
What are volar pads
Volar pads are transient swelling of tissue called mesenchyme under the epidermis on the Palmer surface of the hands and soles of the feet of the human fetus
What is meant by volar pad regression
As the volar pads slow the growth after the 10th - 11th week, Their contour becomes progressively less distinct as they are overtaken by the faster growth of the surrounding skin
What are the three main fingerprint pattern groups
Whorls, Loops, Arches
Define the arch pattern
ridges enter on one side of the impression, form a wave or arch and flow out the other side
Define the tented arch pattern
Possess is either an arch, an upthrust, or two of the three basic characteristics of a loop
Define the loop pattern
One or more ridges enter on either side of the impression, recurve, touch or pass in imaginary line from the Delta to the core and terminate on the entering side
Define the Whorl pattern
Has two deltas and at least one ridge making a complete circuit.
Maybe a spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle
An imaginary line drawn between two deltas must touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the inner pattern area
What are the two types of impressions recorded on the C-216
Rolled, plain and palms
What are the three types of fingerprints found a crime scenes
Latent, visible, moulded
Latent, made of sweat and sebaceous oil, invisible to the naked eye and requires additional processing to be seen
Visible, made by blood, grease, ink. or dirt, easily visible to the human eye
Molded, three-dimensional impressions and can be made by pressing your finger in fresh paint, wax, soap or tar
How are latent fingerprints or physical evidence developed at a crime scene to be marked prior to photographing and lifting
- circle the impression
- assign a unique R or F number
- date
- file number
- initials
- directional arrow if appropriate
1,2-Indandione-zinc Solution can be used on what type of surface
Most effective on porous surfaces
Which technique is recommended for developing fingerprints on wet or damp non-porous surfaces
Molybdenum Disulphide
- powder suspension
What is the purpose of a lens
To gather light transmitted from an object and bring them into sharp focus on the focal plane behind the lens
What affects exposure of an image
Aperture, shutter speed, ISO
How does a digital camera Capture an image
The aperture opens at the front of the camera
Light enters through the lens
A CCD or CMOS sensor captures the incoming light rays turns them into electrical signals
These electrical signals are called pixels
Pixels are assigned a number based on the colour and intensity of light received
Image is stored in electronica format such as RAW, TIFF or JPEG
What does ISO mean in digital photography
International standard organization
Refers to the sensitivity of light; the higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the cameras internal sensor is to light
What is the depth of field In photography
Area of acceptable sharp focus in front and behind the subject in which is being focussed on
How can you increase your depth of field
1) use a shorter focal length lens
2) Increase the lens to subject (move further away)
3) use a smaller aperture; F22 has greater depth of field than F4
4) Re-focus on the hyper focal point
What is meant by white balance in digital photography
Colour temperature of light measured in degrees kelvin
What is the building block of a digital image
Pixels (picture element)
What is meant by resolution and Digital imaging
Refers to the number of pixels in an image.
Greater the number the higher the resolution
What are you doing when calibrating an image
Resizing the image so that it relates to a known measurement value
When calibrating an image using the crop method in Photoshop should you use resampling
No
What does the acronym LASER mean
Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
