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CFA Level 2 > Fixed Income > Flashcards

Fixed Income Flashcards

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1
Q

Expected Loss

A

Expected Loss = Default Probability x Loss severity given default

Loss Severity = 1 - Recovery Rate

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2
Q

Cross Default Provisions

A

Events of default such as non-payment of interest on one bond trigger default on all outstanding debt, implies the same default probability for all issues.

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3
Q

Notching

A

Specific issues assigned different credit ratings for an issue from the same issuer due to a ratings adjustment methodology.

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4
Q

Structural Subordination

A

Can arise when a corporation with a holding company structure has debt at both its parent holding company and operating subsidiaries.

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5
Q

The Four C’s of Credit

A

Capacity
Collateral
Covenants
Character

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6
Q

Bond Indenture

A

The governing legal credit agreement and is typically incorporated by reference in the prospectus.

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7
Q

Return Impact

A

Return Impact = -Modified Duration x Change in Rate

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8
Q

Return Impact for Larger Rate Changes

A

Return Impact = (-Modified Duration x Change in Rate) + 1/2Convexity x (Change in in Rate)^2

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9
Q

The Swap Rate

A

The fixed rate in an Interest Rate Swap

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10
Q

Swap Spread

A

Swap Spread = Swap Rate - Government yield on a bond with the same maturity

Effectively, the swap spread reflects the risk of the counterparty to the swap failing to satisfy its obligation.

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11
Q

The Four Theories of the Term Structure of Interest Rates

A

1) Pure Expectations Theory
2) Liquidity Preference Theory
3) Preferred Habitat Theory
4) Market Segmentation Theory

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12
Q

Pure Expectations Theory

A

Postulates that no systematic favors other than expectations of future interest rates that affect forward rates.

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13
Q

Liquidity Preference Theory

A

States that investors will hold longer-term maturities if they are offered a long-term rate higher than the average of expected future rates by a risk premium that is positively related to the term maturity.

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14
Q

Preferred Habitat Theory

A

Adopts the view that the term structure reflects the expectation of the future path of interest rates as well as a risk premium, but rejects the assertion that the risk premium must rise uniformly with maturity.

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15
Q

Percentage Change in Yield

A

X = 100[Ln(yt/yt-1)]

yt = yield today
Yt-1 = yield in previous period
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16
Q

Z-Spread

A

The spread that when added to all of the spot rates will make the present value of the bond’s cash flow equal to the bond’s market price.

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17
Q

Minimum Value of a Convertible Security

A

The greater of its conversion value or its value without the conversion option.

Conversion Value = market price of common stock x conversion ratio

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18
Q

Market Conversion Price

A

Market Conversion Price = market price of convertible security/conversion ratio

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19
Q

Market Conversion Premium Ratio

A

Market Conversion Premium Ratio = market conversion premium per share/market price of common stock

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20
Q

Premium Payback Period

A

Premium Payback Period = Market conversion premium per share/favorable income differential per share

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21
Q

Favorable Income Differential Per Share

A

Favorable Income Differential Per Share = [coupon interest - (conversion ratio x common stock dividend per share)]/conversion ratio

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22
Q

Value of Convertible Security

A

Value of Convertible Security = Straight Value + value of call option on stock - value of call option on bond

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23
Q

Curtailment

A

When a mortgage prepayment is not for the entire outstanding balance.

24
Q

Conforming Mortgages

A

If a loan satisfied the underwriting standards for inclusion as collateral for an agency mortgage-backed security. Noncomforming loans do not meet the criteria and are used in Non-Agency MBS.

25
Q

Unspecified Pools (MBS)

A

Trades of pools of mortgage backed securities that are ‘unspecified’ are trades that occur before any information about the pool is released. Also known as TBA’s. The two parties agree on the agency, program, coupon, face value, price, and settlement.

26
Q

Pool Factor

A

The percentage of the pool that is still outstanding.

27
Q

Single Monthly Mortality (SMM)

A

SMM = prepayment in month/(beginning month balance - scheduled prepayment for the month)

28
Q

Conditional Prepayment Rate (CPR)

A

Ignoring scheduled principal payments, the CPR is the approximately the % of the outstanding mortgage balance at the beginning of the year that will be prepaid by the end of the year.

29
Q

PSA

A

Expressed as a monthly series of CPRs. 50 PSA means half of the monthly CPR; 150 PSA means 1.5x of the monthly CPR.

30
Q

Factors Affecting Prepayment Behavior

A

1) Prevailing mortgage rate
2) Housing turnover
3) Characteristics of the underlying residential mortgage loans

31
Q

Accrual Tranche

A

Also know as Z Tranche, has appeal to investors who are concerned with reinvestment risk. Allocates interest payments to pay down other tranches in sequential order.

32
Q

Non-Agency Mortgages

A

Can be for any type of real estate property. There are securities backed by 1-4 single family residential mortgages and can include home equity loans and manufactured housing.

33
Q

Agency Mortgage Underwriting Standards

A

1) the maximum loan to value
2) the maximum payment to income
3) the maximum loan amount

Non-Agency mortgages are loans that do not meet the criteria in the above specifications.

34
Q

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securites

A

Securities backed by pools of commercial mortgage loans on income producing property - multifamily properties, office buildings, industrial properties, shopping centers, hotels, and health care facilities.

35
Q

Non-Recourse Loans

A

Loans that the lender can ONLY look to the income of the property as recourse, not the borrower.

36
Q

Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSC)

A

DSC = NOI/debt service

37
Q

CMBS Call Protection

A

Protection at Loan Level

1) prepayment lockout
2) defeasance - the borrower puts funds in a portfolio of treasuries that replicates the cash flows that would exist in the absence of prepayments
3) prepayment penalty
4) yield maintenance charges - make whole charge, makes it so the borrower doesn’t refinance just to get a lower rate somewhere else

38
Q

Average Life (Formula)

A

Average Life = sum of month x principal prepay/[12(size of tranche)]

39
Q

External Credit Enhancements

A

1) monoline insurance company

2) letter of credit

40
Q

Internal Credit Enhancements

A

1) reserve funds
2) overcollateralization
3) senior/subordinate structures

41
Q

SMM for ABS

A

SMM = ABS/[1 - (ABS x (M - 1))]

M = number of months after loan origination

ABS = absolute prepayment speed

42
Q

Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO)

A

A security backed by a diversified pool of debt obligations. When a security is backed a diversified pool of loan obligations, it is known as a CLO.

43
Q

Cash CDO

A

A CDO backed by a pool of cash market debt instruments.

44
Q

Synthetic CDO

A

A CDO where the investor has the economic exposure to a pool of debt instrument, but this exposure is realized via a credit derivative instrument.

45
Q

Bond Equivalent Yield

A

BEY = 2[(1 + i)^6 - 1]

The formula for annualizing the cash flow for a monthly pay product.

46
Q

Option Cost

A

Option Cost = Z-Spread - OAS

47
Q

Cash Flow Duration

A

Computed assuming that if interest rates are changed, the prepayment rate will change when computing the new value.

48
Q

Positive Butterfly (Shift in Yield Curve)

A

The yield curve becomes less humped (ie: has less curvature). This means that if yields increase, the yields in the short and long maturity sectors increase more than yields in the intermediate maturity sector.

49
Q

Negative Butterfly (Shift in Yield Curve)

A

The yield curve becomes more humped (ie: has more curvature). If yields increase, yields in the intermediate maturity sector will increase more than yields in the short and long maturity sectors.

50
Q

Implied Volatility

A

Estimating yield volatility based on the observed prices of interest rate options and caps.

51
Q

Zero Volatility Spread

A

The spread that will make the present value of the cash flows from the mortgage backed security when discounted at the Treasury spot rate plus the spread equal to the price of the security.

52
Q

Positive Butterfly (Shift in Yield Curve)

A

The yield curve becomes less humped (ie: has less curvature). This means that if yields increase, the yields in the short and long maturity sectors increase more than yields in the intermediate maturity sector.

53
Q

Negative Butterfly (Shift in Yield Curve)

A

The yield curve becomes more humped (ie: has more curvature). If yields increase, yields in the intermediate maturity sector will increase more than yields in the short and long maturity sectors.

54
Q

Implied Volatility

A

Estimating yield volatility based on the observed prices of interest rate options and caps.

55
Q

Zero Volatility Spread

A

The spread that will make the present value of the cash flows from the mortgage backed security when discounted at the Treasury spot rate plus the spread equal to the price of the security.

CFA Level 2 (9 decks)

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