Fitness Theory Chap 3: Skeletal System Flashcards
Define the following movement terminology:
flexion
extension
flexion: a decrease in the angle between two bones
extension: an increase in the angle between two bones
The skeleton is divided into two parts. Name these two parts
appendicular skeleton (bones of the limbs, shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle) axial skeleton (bones of the long axis of the body including the skull, vertebral column and thorax)
What are the main bones that form the arm?
humerus (upper arm)
ulna and radius (forearm)
carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (hand)
Which bones form the pelvic girdle?
iliac crest ilium ischium symphysis pubis pubis
Which bones form the lower limbs?
femur (thigh)
patella (knee cap)
tibia and fibula (shin bone)
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges (foot)
Define the following planes of movement:
sagittal plane (medial/lateral)
frontal plane (anterior/posterior)
transverse plane (horizontal)
sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left
frontal plane: divides the body into front and back
transverse plane: divides the body into upper and lower regions
Define the following movement terminology:
lateral flexion
hyperextension
lateral flexion: movement of the trunk, at the waist, or neck to the side (left or right)
hyperextension: continuing extension beyond normal anatomical position
Define the following movement terminology:
abduction
adduction
abduction: movement of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body
adduction: movement of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body
Define the following movement terminology:
circumduction
rotation
circumduction: the distal end of a segment moving in a circular fashion. A combination of continuous flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (drawing a circle)
rotation: movement of a bone around its own long axis
Define the following movement terminology:
elevation
depression
elevation: upward movement of a body part (usually applies to the scapula)
depression: downward movement of a body part (usually applies to the scapula)
Define the following movement terminology:
inversion
eversion
inversion: turning in of the soles of the feet so that they face each other
eversion: turning out of the soles so that they face away from each other
Define the following movement terminology:
dorsiflexion
plantarflexion
dorsiflexion: bending the foot at the ankle so the toes move up toward the shin (toe raise)
plantarflexion: bending the foot at the ankle so the toes point down (calf raise)
Define the following movement terminology:
supination
pronation
supination: movement of the body part so that it is face up or forward
pronation: movement of the body part so that it faces down or back
Define the following movement terminology:
opposition
retraction
protraction
opposition: movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the finger tips
retraction: a posterior (backward) movement (e.g. pulling your shoulder blades together and back)
protraction: an anterior (forward) movement (e.g. rounding your shoulders forward)
Define the following movement terminology:
transverse (horizontal flexion)
transverse (horizontal extension)
transverse (horizontal flexion): movement from a 90° abducted arm position. The humerus is flexed in towards the midline of the body
transverse (horizontal extension): movement returning the humerus from horizontal flexion
Define the following directional and movement terminology:
anterior (ventral)
posterior (dorsal)
anterior (ventral): the front portion of the human body
posterior (dorsal): the back portion of the human body
Define the following directional and movement terminology:
medial
lateral
medial: towards the midline of the body
lateral: towards the sides of the body
Define the following directional and movement terminology:
superior (cranial)
inferior (caudal)
superior (cranial): a body part above another body part
inferior (caudal): a body part below another body part
Define the following directional and movement terminology:
deep
superficial
deep: a body part which is deeper from the surface than another body part
superficial: a body part closer to the surface than another body part
Define the following directional and movement terminology:
distal
proximal
distal: the structure is further from the attachment of the appendage to the body (e.g. the hands are distal to your arms)
proximal: the structure is closer to the attachment of the appendage to the body (e.g. your arms are proximal to your hands)
Name the four spinal curves
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
The pectoral girdle consists of which bones?
the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula and attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
compact bone: dense and relatively solid in appearance. The basic functional unit is called an osteon. A layer of compact bone covers all bones in the body. Found in regions of high stress (e.g. legs)
spongy bone: has the appearance of a network of spaces surrounded by bony pillars, is lightweight, and most commonly found in regions of low stress (e.g. skull). Does not have osteons
Name the three types of joint structures
fibrous: held together by fibrous connective tissue. No joint cavity (e.g. structures of the skull lock together the irregular-shaped bones of the skull)
cartilagenous: ends of the bones are held together by cartilage and do not have a joint cavity (e.g. inter-vertebral joints of the spine)
synovial: articulating bones are separated by a cavity filled with synovial fluid (e.g. knee joint)
List the different types of synovial joints
hinge pivot saddle condyloid ball and socket gliding
