Fitness Theory Chap 3: Skeletal System

Question 1

Define the following movement terminology:

flexion

extension

Answer 1

flexion: a decrease in the angle between two bones
extension: an increase in the angle between two bones

Question 2

The skeleton is divided into two parts. Name these two parts

Answer 2

appendicular skeleton (bones of the limbs, shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle)
axial skeleton (bones of the long axis of the body including the skull, vertebral column and thorax)

Question 3

What are the main bones that form the arm?

Answer 3

humerus (upper arm)
ulna and radius (forearm)
carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (hand)

Question 4

Which bones form the pelvic girdle?

Answer 4

iliac crest
ilium
ischium
symphysis pubis
pubis

Question 5

Which bones form the lower limbs?

Answer 5

femur (thigh)
patella (knee cap)
tibia and fibula (shin bone)
tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges (foot)

Question 6

Define the following planes of movement:

sagittal plane (medial/lateral)

frontal plane (anterior/posterior)

transverse plane (horizontal)

Answer 6

sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left

frontal plane: divides the body into front and back

transverse plane: divides the body into upper and lower regions

Question 7

Define the following movement terminology:

lateral flexion

hyperextension

Answer 7

lateral flexion: movement of the trunk, at the waist, or neck to the side (left or right)

hyperextension: continuing extension beyond normal anatomical position

Question 8

Define the following movement terminology:

abduction

adduction

Answer 8

abduction: movement of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body
adduction: movement of a limb or body segment toward the midline of the body

Question 9

Define the following movement terminology:

circumduction

rotation

Answer 9

circumduction: the distal end of a segment moving in a circular fashion. A combination of continuous flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (drawing a circle)
rotation: movement of a bone around its own long axis

Question 10

Define the following movement terminology:

elevation

depression

Answer 10

elevation: upward movement of a body part (usually applies to the scapula)
depression: downward movement of a body part (usually applies to the scapula)

Question 11

Define the following movement terminology:

inversion

eversion

Answer 11

inversion: turning in of the soles of the feet so that they face each other
eversion: turning out of the soles so that they face away from each other

Question 12

Define the following movement terminology:

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

Answer 12

dorsiflexion: bending the foot at the ankle so the toes move up toward the shin (toe raise)
plantarflexion: bending the foot at the ankle so the toes point down (calf raise)

Question 13

Define the following movement terminology:

supination

pronation

Answer 13

supination: movement of the body part so that it is face up or forward
pronation: movement of the body part so that it faces down or back

Question 14

Define the following movement terminology:

opposition

retraction

protraction

Answer 14

opposition: movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the finger tips
retraction: a posterior (backward) movement (e.g. pulling your shoulder blades together and back)
protraction: an anterior (forward) movement (e.g. rounding your shoulders forward)

Question 15

Define the following movement terminology:

transverse (horizontal flexion)

transverse (horizontal extension)

Answer 15

transverse (horizontal flexion): movement from a 90° abducted arm position. The humerus is flexed in towards the midline of the body

transverse (horizontal extension): movement returning the humerus from horizontal flexion

Question 16

Define the following directional and movement terminology:

anterior (ventral)

posterior (dorsal)

Answer 16

anterior (ventral): the front portion of the human body

posterior (dorsal): the back portion of the human body

Question 17

Define the following directional and movement terminology:

medial

lateral

Answer 17

medial: towards the midline of the body
lateral: towards the sides of the body

Question 18

Define the following directional and movement terminology:

superior (cranial)

inferior (caudal)

Answer 18

superior (cranial): a body part above another body part

inferior (caudal): a body part below another body part

Question 19

Define the following directional and movement terminology:

deep

superficial

Answer 19

deep: a body part which is deeper from the surface than another body part
superficial: a body part closer to the surface than another body part

Question 20

Define the following directional and movement terminology:

distal

proximal

Answer 20

distal: the structure is further from the attachment of the appendage to the body (e.g. the hands are distal to your arms)
proximal: the structure is closer to the attachment of the appendage to the body (e.g. your arms are proximal to your hands)

Question 21

Name the four spinal curves

Answer 21

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

Question 22

The pectoral girdle consists of which bones?

Answer 22

the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula and attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Question 23

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Answer 23

compact bone: dense and relatively solid in appearance. The basic functional unit is called an osteon. A layer of compact bone covers all bones in the body. Found in regions of high stress (e.g. legs)

spongy bone: has the appearance of a network of spaces surrounded by bony pillars, is lightweight, and most commonly found in regions of low stress (e.g. skull). Does not have osteons

Question 24

Name the three types of joint structures

Answer 24

fibrous: held together by fibrous connective tissue. No joint cavity (e.g. structures of the skull lock together the irregular-shaped bones of the skull)
cartilagenous: ends of the bones are held together by cartilage and do not have a joint cavity (e.g. inter-vertebral joints of the spine)
synovial: articulating bones are separated by a cavity filled with synovial fluid (e.g. knee joint)

Question 25

List the different types of synovial joints

Answer 25

hinge
pivot
saddle
condyloid
ball and socket
gliding