Fitness & Health Flashcards
Susruta
First doctor to prescribe exercise as medicine in 600 BCE
Explained that exercise must be done in moderation to prevent overexertion - could be detrimental to ones health and wellbeing
“it should be taken every day” but taken “only to half extent of ‘ones’ capacity’ as otherwise “it might prove fatal”
Hippocrates
Explained that nutrition and health is the key to maintain health and fitness in 460-370 B.C
“if we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health”
Father of Kinesiology
Aristotle - not a cause and effect relationship
Exercise alone does not improve health. There is not one explanation for our health, all things are interconnected (i.e physical activity, environment, genetics, nutrition)
350 B.C
“the exercise of walking is said to produce better health or does the possession of better health produce the ability to walk? If walking does not produce better health, then walking would be in vain.”
Edward Stanley
1873
If you do not commit dedicated time to your health, you will have to deal with the consequences of not prioritizing your health
“those who think they have no time for bodily exercise will sooner or later have to find time for illness”
Luigi Galvani
1737
Discovered that electricity stimulates muscle contraction
Carl Ludwig
1847
Measures human blood pressure
Augustus De’sire Waller
1887
Records the electrical activity of the human heart (EKG)
Archibald V. Hill
1920
Describes maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max)
Andrew F. Huxley
1957
Theorizes about muscle cross bridges
Components of physical fitness
Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility
Collectively say you are healthy - fitness is a composite score of all these elements
Define physical fitness
The ability to perform muscular work satisfactorily. It is determined by the level of several attributes which are influenced by activity such as cardiovascular-respiratory endurance, musculoskeletal fitness, body composition, and flexibility
Health-related Fitness vs Performance Related Fitness
- components of fitness that allow you to do activities of daily living
- components of fitness that enable optimal work or sport performance
Explain the health continuum
One end: optimally healthy and fit
Middle: healthy (abscence of disease and/or symptom”
Other end: unhealthy
There is no composite score for health
We strive to achieve optimal health
Traditional medicine focuses more on the left (rehabilitation/treating disease), health promotion focuses more on the right (prevention/enhance health & fitness), but there is still some overlap
Define wellness
State of living a healthy lifestyle - practicing healthy habits on a daily basis to attain better physical and mental health outcomes
- health is the being
- wellness is the doing
What is being healthy?
Connection between body, mind, and spirit
Problematic?
W.H.O definition of health
State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
“the enjoyment of the highest attainable health is a fundamental human right”
- it is by no means sufficient for all humans to have this right b/c we do not have access to equal health and fundamental needs
Trend?
Leading cause of death ages 1 to 24 vs 65 and over
Sucicide and accidents
Cancer (heart disease and stroke are high)
Aging leads to increased health problems
Based on what is impacting the health of the population, we have to shift in priority based on who we are trying to help
What influences this?
Best metric for country to country comparison
Life expectancy - years lived
Healthy Adjusted Life Expectancy
Number of years expected to live in good health that an individual can expect to live given the current morbidity and mortality conditions
Lalonde Framework (1974)
Lifestyle and environment are important in contributing to our health, not just biology
Idea that we have some control over our health (choices)
Physical determinants vs Social determinants of Health
- nutrition (food, diet), lifestyle (daily routine and behaviour), environment (pollution), genetics, medical care
- economic stability, social and community, neighbourhood and built environment, healthcare access and quality, education access and quality
Trend?
Preston curves
Can predict the health of a country to an extent
Compares life expectancy and wealth (GDP) of different countries
- GDP = wealth of a country divided by the number of individuals (scale per individual)
The lower the wealth of a country, the shorter the life expectancy
W.H.O Main Determinants of Health
socio-economic, cultural & environmental conditions –> emphasis on built environment
social and community
lifestyle factors
age, sex, and constitutional factors
W.H.O
Built-environment
Created neighbourhood, city, or reserve that engineers health in or out of region that predicts health outcomes
W.H.O advocates for built-environments to increase longevity and prevent disease
Factors in built-environment that increase health outcomes
Promotes healthier lifestyle
- active living (walkable communities)
- healthier options (fresh fruits and vegetables)
- green space
- safety
Canadian health-care system
Publicly funded, privately delivered health care
- universal health care paid for by the federal govrnment through taxes (physicians, hospitals, diagnostics)
- additonal medical treatment and resources provided through private health insurance through full-time employment (prescription drugs, rehabilitation, therapies)
Levels of Care
Primary (wide scope) - first access into healthcare system
- physicians, opticians, dentists
- health education, preventitive, diagnostic, minor surgery
Secondary (focused scope) - specialists with more advanced training and treatment
- cardiologists, urologist, radiologist, dietician, physiotherapist
- typically in a hospital setting/clinic
Tertiary (specialists) - highly specialized with more advanced training
- national or regional specialist services
- institution based
- treats uncommon diseases
Ontario Health Insurance Plan
Provincally funded health coverage
To be eligible:
- a canadian citizen, permanent resident, or newcomer to Canada who is eligible for OHIP
- physically present in Ontario fro 153 days out of any 12-month period
- primary place of residence is in Ontario
Canada Healthcare Spending
13% GDP spent on healthcare yet Canada ranks modest to poor on performance: physicians, hospital beds, specialist waitimes
Pros and Cons of Public vs Private Health Care
Private
Pros
- faster care
- more options for procedures and doctors
- better doctor-patient ratios
- more privacy
Cons
- expensive (care many not be 100% covered)
- unequal treatment
- profit placed above patient interests (ordering more than what is required)
- refusal to treat complex cases (ranking system)
Public
Pros
- equal healthcare
- more affordable care (non-profit)
Cons
- longer waitimes
- higher doctor-patient ratios (overwhelming)
- fewer options for procedures and physicians
Public Health Agency of Canada
Oversees health promotion jobs & functions
Focuses on primary and secondary prevention
Primary vs Secondary Prevention
Primary: preventing a disease or acute illness from occuring through healthy habits and good healthcare systems
Secondary: preventing the reoccurence of a disease/infection
ex. heart attack, prevent second heart attack through proper diet, exercise, cardiac rehab
Charter of Health Promotion Logo
5 Key Action Areas
- build healthy public policy
- reorient health services
- create supportive environments (built environments)
- strengthen community action (ex. MADD)
- develop personal skills (educated on primary & secondary prevention)
3 Basic Health Promotion Strategies
- Enable: achieving equity in health by breaking down barriers for making healthy choices
- Mediate: social groups, professional & health personnel mediate between different interests in society for the pursuit of health
- Advocate: making political, economic, social, cultural & environmental factors favourable through advocacy for health
Greatest Health Spending Category
Hospitals
- not as much in Public Health (primary and secondary disease prevention)
