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Biodiveristy And Evoltion > Fishes, Amphibians And Aminotes > Flashcards

Fishes, Amphibians And Aminotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a fish

A

Vertebral column
Specialised sense organs
Internal gills
Paired fins
Jaws with teeth

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2
Q

What are the two classes of jawless fish

A

Hagfish
Lampreys

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a hagfish

A

Lack Jaws, paired fins and scales
Cartilaginous skeleton
5-16 pairs of gills
Dorsal nerve cord with differentiated brain (but no cerebellum)
Biting mouth with two rows of teeth

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of lampreys

A

Lack jaws, paired fins and scales
Complete cartilaginous skull and vertebrae
Dorsal nerve cord with differentiated brain and cerebellum
Sucker like oral disk with teeth

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5
Q

What are the benefits of jaws

A

Stronger teeth
Muscular attachment points
Can eat larger things

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6
Q

How did jaws evolve

A

Jaws are thought to have evolved from the anterior gill arches of fish. Front pair of gill arches fused at the top and bottom forming hinges and then scales lining the mouth formed teeth.

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7
Q

What are placoderms

A

Armoured fishes present in the Devonian

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8
Q

What are the two classes of jawed fishes

A

Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous endoskeleton
Dermal placoid scales or naked skin
Generally exposed gills
Ventral mouth
Heterocercal tail
Oily liver for buoyancy
Internal fertilisation

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Osteichthyes

A

Bony endoskeleton
Epidermal cycloid scales
Gills covered by operculum
Anterior mouth
Homocercal tail
Swim bladder for buoyancy
External fertilisation

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11
Q

How do Chondrichthyes have an improved jaw design

A

Upper part of the first gill arch behind the jaw fused to form a supporting strut. This attached the bottom jaw to the skull, increasing gape size

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12
Q

What are the reproductive strategies of Chondrichthyes

A

Oviparous = laying eggs
Ovoviviparous = eggs stay in uterus till hatching
Viviparous = placental with a live birth

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13
Q

What are the subclasses of Chondrichthyes

A

Holocephali (chimeras)
Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays and skates)

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14
Q

What are the two major groups of Osteichthyes

A

Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fishes)

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15
Q

What are the key characteristics of amphibians

A

Legs
Cutaneous respiration
Lungs
Pulmonary arteries
Partially divided heart

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16
Q

What are the key characteristics of the life cycle of an amphibian

A

Tied to water
Lay eggs in water
Tadpole stage
Metamorphosis
Freshwater

17
Q

How did lungs evolve in amphibians

A

Originated from an outgrowth from the gut and oesophagus. Amphibian lungs are like simple balloon structures that have their surface area increased by narrow septa. They are relatively inefficient

18
Q

How do amphibians circulate air

A

Through buccal pumping

19
Q

What are the orders of amphibians

A

Anura (frogs and toads)
Caudata (newts, salamanders and axolotls)
Apoda (caecilians)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of an aminote egg

A

Has a series of extra embryonic membranes
Hard outer shell

21
Q

What are the different membranes in an aminotic egg

A

Yolk sack: contains the yolk which provides the energy needed for development
Aminion: envelops the fluid sack with the developing embryo
Allantois: surface for gas exchange and waste storage
Chorion: carbon dioxide and oxygen transfer

22
Q

How do eggs breathe?

A

The hard outer shell is porous

23
Q

What are the 3 branches of aminotes and how are they distinguished

A

Early reptiles: anapsid skulls (no temporal fenestrae)
Mammals: synapsid skulls (one temporal fenestrae)
Birds and reptiles: diapsid skulls (two temporal fenestrae)

24
Q

What are the key characteristics of reptiles

A

Impermeable skin
Aminote eggs
Metanephric kidneys
Efficient legs
More developed lungs
Efficient circulatory system
Powerful jaws
Internal fertilisation

25
Q

What are the orders of reptiles

A

Reinchocephalia (tuataras)
Squamata (lizards and snakes)
Chelonia (turtles)
Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)

Biodiveristy And Evoltion (16 decks)

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