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Comparative Zoology > Fishes > Flashcards

Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

Fishes are in what Phylum?

A

Phylum Chordata

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2
Q

What are Superclass Agnatha

A

jawless fishes

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3
Q

What are the 2 class of Superclass Agnatha?

A

Class Myxini - hagfishes
Class Petromyzontida - lampreys

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4
Q

Characteristics of Class Myxini (hagfishes)

A

-No scales or jaws – have keratinized plates
-Poorly developed eyes
-Slime glands
-Fibrous and cartilaginous skeleton
-Notochord persistent
-Vertebrae reduced or absent

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5
Q

Describe circulatory system of class Myxini

A

-Low pressure circulatory system with three accessory hearts
-Single circulatory system; main heart with sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle

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6
Q

Characteristics of Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)

A

-No scales or jaws
-No paired appendages
-Moderately developed eyes
-Fibrous cartilaginous skeleton
-Persistant notochord; reduced vertebrae
-No stomach; spiral folds in intestine

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7
Q

Describe circulatory system of class Petromyzontida

A

-Single circulatory system; main heart with sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle
-no accessory hearts

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8
Q

Which class of Agnathans have:
-Sucker-like mouth withlips (sensory and attachment)
-Epidermal teeth line mouth
-Teeth cover moveable tongue-like structure
-Salivary glands secrete anticoagulant

A

Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)

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9
Q

Explain the process of reproduction in Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)

A
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10
Q

What are Superclass: Gnathostomata

A

Jawed Vertebrates

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11
Q

What are the 2 important events in vertebrate evolution?

A
  1. Evolution of jaws
    -More efficient gill ventilation
    -Ingestion of greater variety of food sources
  2. Evolution of paired appendages
    -Important to counteract roll during locomotion
    -Also used to control tilt and lateral steering when swimming
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12
Q

Characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes
Superclass: Gnathostomata

A

-Biting mouthparts
-Paired appendages
-Strong swimming musculature
-Well developed sense organs
-Cartilaginous endoskeleton (no bone!)
-Phosphatized mineral tissues retained in teeth, scales, spines

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13
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of Class Chondrichthyes?

A

Subclass Elasmobranchii
Subclass Holocephali

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14
Q

Characteristics of Subclass Elasmobranchii

A

-Fusiform body; extensive fins
-Hetercercal tail – thrust
-Skin with dermal placoid scales that reduce friction

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15
Q

Reproduction and Development
of Subclass Elasmobranchii

A

-Male with modified pelvic fins = claspers
-Internal fertilization
-Various developmental modes (Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, Viviparous)

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16
Q

Defensive modifications of Subclass Elasmobranchii

A

Tail → defensive lash
Placoid scale remnants → venomous spine

17
Q

Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Holocephali Characteristics

A

-Large head, small mouth surrounded by large lips
-This group has specializations not found in other elasmobranchs:
-Gill cover (operculum)
-Teeth modified into large plates for crushing
-Lack scales

18
Q

What are Osteichthyes?

A

Bony Fishes and Tetrapods

19
Q

What characteristics links bony fishes and tetrapods?

A

-Endochondral bone
-Cranial/dental characters
-Lungs or swim bladder

20
Q

What are the 2 classes of Osteichthyes?

A

Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fishes
Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes

21
Q

Describe Class Sarcopterygii

A

-muscular lobes associated with fins
-use lungs for gas exchange
-live in areas where seasonal droughts common

22
Q

Class Actinopterygii gave rise to what 3 groups?

A
  1. Clade Cladistia
  2. Chondrosteans
  3. Neopterygians
23
Q

Describe Class Actinopterygii

A

-Over 31,000 species
-Paleoniscids (heterocercal tail, ganoid scales)

24
Q

Which group of Class Actinopterygii is similar to paleoniscids?

A

Clade Cladistia

25
Q

Which group of Class Actinopterygii is:
-Ancestral forms with bony skeleton
-Modern forms have:
cartilaginous skeletons,
tail with upper lobe
-Most live in sea; migrate to rivers to breed

A

Chondrosteans

26
Q

Describe Neopterygians

A

-Modern bony fishes
-Diverged from ancient marine actinopterygians
-Underwent huge evolutionary diversification

27
Q

What morphological trends that supported great diversification of the Teleost?

A

Flexible cycloid and ctenoid scales
Homocercal tail – speed
Flexible fins and other fin modifications
Fine control of gases in swim bladder
Suction feeding
Pharyngeal jaws – chewing, crushing, grinding

28
Q

Why are fishes one of the most successful and diverse vertebrate groups?

A

Have been able to adapt to very demanding environment (aquatic)
1. Locomotion
2. Respiratory system
3. Highly efficient sensory systems
4. Efficient reproduction

29
Q

Mechanisms for reducing friction

A

Streamlined shape
Mucoid secretions (lubricate body)

30
Q

Buoyancy
Fishes can float due to one or more of four ways

A

Low density compounds incorporated into tissues (oily livers; squalene)
Fins provide lift (pectoral fins or upper lobe of caudal fin)
Reduction of heavy tissues in body
Less dense bones/cartilaginous skeletons
Swim bladder
Controls volume of gas within

31
Q

How does gas get into swim bladder?

A

Gas gland  lactic acid  localized acidity of blood in rete mirabile  hemoglobin releases O2 load  counter-current multiplier  high O2 in gas gland  diffusion into swim bladder

32
Q

How fishes achieve neutral buoyancy?

A

displace additional water by a volume of gas in swim bladder
Can then remove gas in swim bladder via
Pneumatic duct (ancestral physostomous condition) or
Ovale (derived physoclistous condition)

33
Q

Fish Circulation and its disadvantage

A

Single circuit circulation
Disadvantage: gill capillaries give high resistance so blood pressure to body tissues is low

34
Q

Explain gas exchange in fish

A

Pumping action by operculum helps move water through gills (continuous flow)
Water pumped into mouth and pharynx → over gills → out gill openings

35
Q

Explain Sensory Functions of fish

A

Have specialized receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, equilibrium and balance and detecting water movements

36
Q

unique to fishes and used to detect water currents or predators/prey causing water movements

A

Lateral line system

37
Q

sensory pits in epidermis of skin connecting to canals running just below epidermis

A

Lateral line system

38
Q

Describe Reproduction and Development
of Fish

A

Most fish are:
Dioecious
External fertilization
Oviparous
Eggs develop outside female from stored yolk

Comparative Zoology (9 decks)

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