Amniotes

Question 1

Adaptations of Amniotes

Answer 1

Amniotic egg*
Thicker, waterproof skin
Rib ventilation of lungs
Stronger jaws
High-pressure cardiovascular system
Water-conserving nitrogen excretion
Expanded brain and sensory organs

Question 2

Earliest members of clade, first to have amniotic eggs

Answer 2

Clade Reptilia

Question 3

Amniotic eggs have extraembryonic membranes to:

Answer 3

Protect embryo against desiccation (hard or leathery shell)
Cushion embryo (albumin)
Promote gas transfer
Store waste materials

Question 4

Rib Ventilation
in Amniotes

Answer 4

Amniotes draw air into lungs via expansion of thoracic cavity using rib muscles

Question 5

Tongue types in Amniotes

Answer 5

Non-protrusible (turtles and crocodiles)
Sticky tongues (some lizards and tuataras)
Protrusible tongues (chameleons)

Question 6

CV System
of Amniotes

Answer 6

High-pressure CV System
Based on amphibian plan, but higher pressure:
Two atria; incompletely divided ventricle
Sinus venosus reduced  pacemaker

Question 7

T/F
All amniotes have brain with relatively large cerebrum and cerebellum
Reptiles have brains similar to other vertebrates

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F Hearing is dominant sense in most reptiles

Answer 8

False; Vision is dominant sense in most reptiles

Question 9

Expanded Brain and Sensory Functions

Answer 9

Some reptiles have median (parietal) eye
Have Jacobson’s organs (vomeronasal organs) ; olfactory
Rattlesnakes and other pit vipers have heat-sensitive pit organs

Question 10

How Ectotherms Achieve Temperature Independence

Answer 10

Physiological thermoregulation
Panting, torpor
Behavioural thermoregulation
Allows regulation of body temperature with considerable precision

Question 11

what are the 4 orders of The Reptilian Groups are extant

Answer 11

Order Testudines or Chelonia (turtles)
Order Squamata (lizards and snakes)
Order Sphenodontida (tuataras)
Order Crocodylia

Question 12

Characteristics of Order Testudines or Chelonia

Answer 12

Bony shell
Limbs articulating internally to ribs
Keratinized beak instead of teeth

Question 13

Dorsal part of shell =
Ventral part of shell =

Answer 13

Dorsal part of shell = carapace
Ventral part of shell = plastron

Question 14

How do turtles allow their head to be drawn into shell

Answer 14

Turtles have 8 cervical vertebrae that can be articulated into S-shape

Question 15

Turtle Reproduction

Answer 15

Long life spans
Oviparous; no parental care; temperature-dependent sex determination

Question 16

Order Squamata types:

Answer 16

Lacertilia (the lizards)
Geckos, iguanas, chameleons, gila monster
Serpentes (the snakes)

Question 17

differences between lizards and snakes

Answer 17

Eye focusing mechanism and retinal morphology
Snakes have reduced or absent left lung and displacement of gall bladder, right kidney, gonads

Question 18

How the skulls of squamates are modified from ancestral diapsid

Answer 18

Loss of bone ventral and posterior to lower temporal fenestra
Allowed for evolution of kinetic skull

Question 19

Reproduction and Development

Answer 19

All male reptiles have intromittent organ
Females may store sperm in seminal receptacle
Amniotic eggs require large energy expenditure by parents

Question 20

Courtship behaviours of the Reptilian

Answer 20

Head bobbing and displaying of colourful patches of skin on throat
In snakes tail-waiving displays, chin rubbing, entwining – very tactile
Sex pheromones also used

Question 21

What is Lateral undulation in movement of snakes

Answer 21

Typical S-shaped movement
Lateral push against rough ground and surface irregularities

Question 22

What is Concertina movement in movement of snakes

Answer 22

Enables climbing and movement into narrow passages
Extension of body using S-shaped loops to brace against sides of the surface

Question 23

Rectilinear movement

Answer 23

slow but effective way of moving inconspicuously
stalking and straight movement towards prey
2 to 3 sections of the body rest on the ground; intervening sections lift up and pull forward using rib muscles

Question 24

Sidewinding

Answer 24

Allows desert vipers to move quickly across loose sandy surface with minimal contact
Works by throwing its body forward in loops while keeping the body at 60 degree angle in the direction of travel

Question 25

Order Sphenodontia

Answer 25

Two rows of teeth in upper jaw; one row in lower jaw

Question 26

Where did Dinosaurs and crocodiles derived from

Answer 26

Dinosaurs and crocodiles derived from archosaurs

Question 27

T/F Living crocodilians include alligators, crocodiles, gavials and caimans

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Describe Order Crocodylia

Answer 28

-Powerful laterally compressed tail - swimming, offensive and defensive maneuvers
-All have elongate, heavy skull with robust jaw musculature
-Thecodont teeth – set in sockets

Question 29

Reproduction and Parental Care in Order Crocodylia

Answer 29

-Oviparous, females lay 20 to 90 eggs in nest of dead vegetation or buried in sand and guards nest
-Crocodilians show some level of parental care