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Marvin Fish > Fisheries Management > Flashcards

Fisheries Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is MSY?

A
  • Maximum Sustainable Yield is one of the traditional models used by fisheries managers.
  • the largest average catch under existing environmental conditions
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2
Q

What are the 5 critical assumptions of Maximum Sustainable Yield?

A
  1. In absent harvest, fish populations grow to an equilibrium (not increasing or decreasing)
  2. Fish populations can often exhibit high natural mortality rates, especially at high densities
  3. If populations are below carrying capacity, then density-dependent mortality decreases, leading to an increase of population growth rates.
  4. Some can be harvested without damaging pop. long term
  5. There is a max - this persists sustainably
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3
Q

What is the name of the graph below? What is its significance to MSY?

A
  • Riker Curve
  • The distance between A-B is the maximum sustainable yield
  • The intercept of C is the point of un-fished equilibrium
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4
Q

What are marine reserves

A

large scale areas for restricting activities to protect aspects (eg.fish) of an aquatic ecosystem.

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5
Q

What happened to the Sea Scallops after the area closure of Georges Bank?

A

A significant Biomass increase

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6
Q

What do BC Freshwater Angling Managers regulate?

A

The time, location, species of fish, type of gear, bait, hook sizes and types, etc.

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7
Q

What are buy-back schemes?

Do they work?

A
  • Government purchase of fishing rights and gear as an effort to reduce fishing effort
  • No, they only eliminate competition to the fishing vessels that remain and they increase fishing effort (this is worse in fisheries with no quota)
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8
Q

When did fish farm production in SW BC show rapid increases?

What year did it hit its highest salmon farm production and how many tonnes did it produce?

A

1990’s

In 2011, they produced 80,000 Tonnes

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9
Q

What are some controversies with fish farms?

A
  • Many stocks and species passing fish farms have shown dramatic decline (sea lice and other diseases)
  • Resources to create food for fish farms are quite costly and have a heavy impact on the environment (eg. feeding fish fish meal or chicken)
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10
Q

What are ITQ’s?

How are they implemented?

A

Individual Transferable Quotas

  1. Regulators set TAC= Total Allowable Catch
  2. Distributes Quotas
  3. Quota rights can be traded or rented out
  4. Some systems, buy rights to harvest as a % of the TAC
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11
Q

What are some Market Based Management Solutions in fisheries?

A
  • Option by the public to boycott “dirty” fisheries. -Seafood watch and Marine Stewardship Council
  • Certification of seafood by independent groups (such as the MSC)
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12
Q

What’s the Allocation of Salmon in order of Priority in BC?

A
  1. Escapement of Spawning
  2. First nations - food, societal, ceremonial
    TAC—>
  3. USA treaty requirements
  4. Recreational priority for chinook and coho
  5. Commercial fishery
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13
Q

What are some examples of information Fisheries Managers need to manage harvest fisheries?

A
  1. Fishing effort
  2. Fishing mortality
  3. Natural mortality
  4. Biomass/population estimate
  5. Fecundity
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14
Q

What are three variables that dominantly affect fishery populations?

A
  1. Birth Rate/ Recruitment
  2. Growth Rate
  3. Mortality
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15
Q

What are 3 agencies in BC that directly deal with fisheries management?

A
  • Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO)
  • The ministry of Forest, Land, and Natural Resources Operations, and Rural Development (FLNRORD)
  • Pacific Salmon Commission
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16
Q

What is Fisheries Management?

A
  • BCIT: uses science and technology, policy, regulation and legislation, communication and education, etc, in an attempt to protect and/or manipulate fish stocks, their habitats, and their harvest, for specific societal (harvest, economic, subsistence, political) and conservation (including biodiversity)
    objectives
  • The manipulation of aquatic environments and organisms and human users to produce sustained benefits for humanity - (Nielson)
17
Q

Overfishing

A

the rate of fish mortality (harvest plus bycatch) exceeds the natural rate of replacement.

18
Q

CPUE (Catch per unit effort)

How to calculate?

What is it for

A
  • amount of fish caught (Number, biomass, etc) by a given amount of effort.
  • Total catch fish or weight/total effort ($ usually)
  • Measure of relative abundance. Changes are used to infer changes to abundance
  • Decreasing CPUE indicates overexploitation.
19
Q

Why can CPUE be problematic?

A

Limitation in terms of increased efficiency of technology can skew the CPUE numbers

20
Q

Natural Mortality (M)

A

The removal of fish form the stock due to causes not associated with fishing. Disease, predation, old age, competition, pollution

21
Q

Fishing Mortality (F)

A

removal of fish from stock due to fishing activities using any fishing gear.

22
Q

By-catch

A

The capture of non-target fish or other marine animals in fishing gear, including juveniles of the target species

23
Q

Overcapacity

A

Fishing fleets are larger than necessary to harvest the allowable catch.

24
Q

Failures of MSY (4 points)

A
  • Estimating population is difficult
  • Assumes a curve shape that may not be correct
  • Focuses on single species instead of ecosystem
  • Pressure to overestimate stock and underestimate effort
25
Q

List regulatory, policy, and legislative tools to help fisheries (7)

A
  • Management areas (geographic)
  • Marine reserves
  • Freshwater fishing regs
  • buy-back
  • aquaculture
  • remove subsidies
  • reduce bycatch
26
Q

What is the constitutional framework for fisheries management in Canada? BC?

A

The Fisheries Act empowers Fisheries and Oceans Canada (“DFO”) to conserve and protect fish and fish habitat across Canada

In BC, management of these resources can be shifted to the level of provincial managers, but still have to work under the standards of the Act.

Marvin Fish (4 decks)

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