Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCB > Fisheries 4 AquaCulture > Flashcards

Fisheries 4 AquaCulture Flashcards

1
Q

Overview

A 
1- not new 
2- recent trends 
3- salmonida
4 costs / cons
5 advances (cod) 
6. Prospects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Salmonids? (4)

A

Brown trout
Rainbow trout
Kind salmon
Atlantic salmon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. history of aquaculture
A

Not new has been done for centuries
Before light touch- semi natural conditions
Common carp was introduced To Europe from Asia by the Romans’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

History of aquaculture

Carp detail

A

Carp were stocked as food fish in monastery ponds in Britain during Middle Ages

Has ancient roots in China and Far East where has been developed In parallel with agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

History of aquaculture

What can we learn?

A

Ecological principles of nutrient cycling and high feed conversion efficiency can be seen in Asian practices

  • ecosystem approach principles?
    Can they be applied to modern aquaculture?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Aquaculture recent trends

Since how long?
Regional patterns? (3)

A

Already major player
Since 1940/ has spread dramatically whilst marine catches have flatlined

Europe vs Asia (faster rate in Asia)

Uk sites in 2014 (Jennings et al)
Can see marine fish and shellfish and freshwater aquaculture occurring throughout uk

PATCHY - particularly concentrated in Asia
In Europe not yet fully exploited (global fishing n contrast is homogenous around the world)

Note huge demand yet wild stocks under threat (omega 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is aquaculture useful?

What are salmonids?

A

Targets single spp no bycatch

Salmonids were amongst first intensively farmed fish (salmon and trout at large scale)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Salmonids 1
brown trout
Latin name ?
Native? £?

A

Economically important sport fishes globally

Native to freshwater and coastal ecosystems

Salmo trutta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Salmo trutta and stock enhancement

What is it and con?

A

We know brown trout well
Habitablt and spawning time known

Trout eggs can be purchased commercially most rivers are ‘enhanced’ with stock fish
We can tinker prorceases to maximise yield

Ie nutrient tanks and aerated water flow - increases recruitment from egg stage upwards

But

Could threaten gen diversify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Salmo trutta threaten gen diversity more detail

A

Wild brown trout come in100s of locally adapted distinct morphs

May actually represent spp flock rather than taxonomic entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Townsend brown trout paper

A

Townsend 2003

Brown trout has been introduced to areas beyond natural range ie NZ
Where it is rapidly replacing the galaxif fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brown trout is invasive to what and where

A

Galaxiid fish

NZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Threats to gen div
Brown trout
Hybrid?

A

Beyond single app gen threat

Could hybridise

Brown trout x American brook trout

Different genera yet can still hubridise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Brown trout can hybridise with what to make tier trout in n america?

A

American brook trout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brown trout overview (4)

A

Importance
Stock enhancement
Invasive
Tiger trout hybridisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rainbow trout overvieww 3

A

Importance
Mechanisation
Patents and selective breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rainbow trout

Importance?

A

Most commonly farmed spp
Fishing and FOOD
Native to USA but introduced to many freshwater ie in UK rivers

Moving from hunters gathering towards farming of fish ( we manipulate its biology to maximise yield)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rainbow trout

Mechanisation?

A

Automated

Trout sorter- size selection for harvest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rainbow trout

Patents and selective breeding?

A

Selective breeding has produced fast growing strains more gen homogenous than wild pops

These can even be awarded trademarks for particular genes (patent genetic makeup)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rainbow trout Latin

A

O mykiss

21
Q

King salmon
Game?
Wild vs hatchery?

A

One of most intensively farmed group
Two genera
Both in recreational fisheries and aquaculture

Artificial fish are related to ENHAnce stock in game fisheries when recruitment is low ie in UK

BUT con?
Genetic homogenisation

Wild sleek
Hatchery higher fat content

22
Q

Names
Wild?
Hatcher?

A

Wild coho salmon

Hatchery Hen coho salmon

23
Q

Atlantic salmon Latin name

A

Salmo salar

24
Q

Atlantic salmon

  • life cycle?
  • farming overall
  • £££?
A

Marine phase in life cycle

Farming is growing concern increases growth in Scotland since 1980s
Scottish economic report

Important for ecotourism ie fly fishing and food 
Rural economy (especially where tasking has collapsed)

In Scotland is mult million pound industry

25
Q

Overall cons of aquaculture

A

Threaten genetic integrity of locally adapted populations - ie female escaping and posing big problem

Risk of exotic diseases and parasites ie introduced to native pops

Pollution - uneaten fish pellet eutrophication

Not ecologically sound - contain undesirable fish spp caught elsewhere

Attracts other predators

26
Q

Trade off

What do we mean by that

A

Aquaculture can alleviate pressure but also has own problems so needs to be balanced

27
Q

Real life
Gen diversity problem
Eutro problem

A

New England salmon hatcheries
So many fry released that 500 salmon had genetic characteristics of wild salmon and this threaded within species biodiversity

Scotland eutrophication
Concern in many areas as effluents altering the surrounding marine ecosystem in some Scottish fish farms are leading to algal blooms

28
Q

Why are farmed fish vulnerable T.I diseases (4)

What is done because of this that is controversial?
Using what

A

Kept at high densities

Genetically similar to one another

Bred selectively To grow fast and hug rather than resistance to disease

Uneaten food pellets can encourage pathogen outbreaks

Note many farms thus engage in active vaccination programs

Ie aquajector gun

29
Q

Vaccination by?

A

Aquajector vaccine gun

30
Q

Aquaculture real life disease example case study

Fish lice

A

Fish Luce can reach epidemic proportions rapidly in cramped conditions on fish farms

Major threat and global transport network increases risk of fish infection( fish live travel with them)

Result
Many previously clean wild fish pops now infected

Ie problem for sport fisheries
Escapees or wild fish trout may introduce lice to resident pops

31
Q

Cost of fish lice problem and when

A

2017 global lice outbreak
Prices crashed to half value
Problem now global

32
Q

Farming attracts other predators detail
Such as?
Example and tensions?

A

Piscivirous birds
Otters
Mink

Example: cormorants
Have been colonising inland waters in UK over last two decades and this has led to great resentment among many fish farmers

Otter numbers also rising ( dif opinions between conservationists and fish farmers)

33
Q

What is another ethical aspect of aquaculture debate?

Clue fat

A

Wild salmon Lean low fat content
Farmed have higher fat content

Trade off
Public wild fishery managers and aquacukturists have different viewpoints

Dissecting shows
So much fat on organs that have to clean away shows how dramatic physiology change is

34
Q

Recent advances in cod farming?

Overview

A

First developed
Opens ocean aquaculture project
University of New Hampshire open ocean aquaculture projects - mooring and cage system
2009 Norway brood stock

35
Q

Recent advances in cod farming

A

First developed in Newfoundland in 1996

Works well as marine app are delicate and small and cannot be manipulated as readily yet brown trout is pretty good

36
Q

What is the 2006 opean ocean aquaculture project?

A

Harvested first crop of Atlantic cod farmed in opean ocean 6 miles off coast

Dramatic change - scale up - eliminates eutrophication - open sea

Approached to cod were built on successful reading programs for other spp (ie flounder halibut and haddock)

Now numerous commercial ventures in traditional Atlantic cod fishing grounds

37
Q

What is the university of New Hampshire open ocean aquaculture projects ?
What is the mooring and cage system?

A

Farming by remote control
Subversive containers
In areas prone to storm and bad weather

‘Holy grail ‘ of fish farming

38
Q

Theoretical qu
Can you read cod from gen then harvest then form fertile next gen?
Where?

A

Yes

In Norway 2009
Produces brood stock from farmed cod

39
Q

Norway 2009 what happened ?

A

From cradle to grave
Self contained population and example of scale
Now the population cycle can be closed within a farm

40
Q

How was the Norway 2009 farmed cod was enabled to close the loop? - what techniques?

A

Enormous tanks with liquid
Food tanks for young juveniles including a itinerary and other marine plankton to feed them

Via remote sensor dispatches food at controlled rates

By computer with high resolution levels

41
Q

Study systems and info feeding back into optimisation - what does this mean?

A

Fish are raised slowly from cages to avoid damaging their internal organs

Huge volumes of data are collected at all stages of their life to optimise yield and efficiency
Ie specific time of day to feed them

scientific theory —> into commercial practice

Commercial cod farming now underway in n America and Norway

42
Q
  1. Prospects
    Overview
    5
A
  1. Alleviate pressure?
  2. Apply eco principles to improve sustainability
  3. Dif fish eating lower
  4. Non food stocks
  5. future demand increase
43
Q

Prospects

1 alleviate pressure?

A

Capture fisheries flatlining
Aquaculture can alleviate pressure

Already seeing hunter gatherer shift to farming

44
Q

Prospects

2 applying ecological principles to improve sustainability?

A

Eating large piscivores ( ecologically inefficient as rearing tigers for food)

This is unsustainable

Target Lower trophies levels to reach food security needs —> feeding down?

45
Q

Prospects

  1. Feeding down in practice? An example
A

Particularly species that don’t eat smaller fish

Example: freshwater catfish farming in USA
Catfish is raised on SOYA

46
Q

Prospects

4 non food stocks
What is project seahorse ?

A

Aquaculture can relive pressure on spp used in medicinal or aquarium trade

Project sea horse
Seahorse breeding and rearing programmes now being developed commercially

At Hawkes bay seahorse Farm > 50 000 searhorses are bred for the aquarium and medical trade

47
Q

Prospects

  1. Future demands
A

Fisheries provide 16-19% if human animal protein consumption

1bn people rely on fish as main protein source

Rising demand will HAVE to be supplied with aquaculture ( only viable route) but costs and benefits must be weighed

48
Q

Finally
Opinions and priorities?
Member states and ranking marine?

A

Member states have same pattern of concern

Pollution then little then CC
Fisheries are NOT high up in concern list when asked to rank concerns

Immediacy and urgency of the problem is not being addressed

49
Q

Wider - example of invasive Scotland

A

2017 recent
Pawning if invasive

River ness

Actually breeding with escapes farmed fish from Russia and this is a huge threat of Scottish economy

GCB (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions