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GCB > Fisheries 2 - Alternatives > Flashcards

Fisheries 2 - Alternatives Flashcards

1
Q

Overview (8)

A 
Oceans and globalisation 
Commercial fishing 
Fao problem
Body size
Fishing new target 
Fishing down
Cast web wider 
Digging deeper 
Using past? Aquaculture?
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2
Q

Overview first 4

A

Oceans and globalisation
Commercial fishing
Fao problem
Body size

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3
Q

Overview last 4

A

Fishing new target
Fishing down
Cast web wider
Fishing deeper

(And past / aquaculture)

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4
Q 
1.oceans and globalisation 
Ocean important 
Scale of problem 
Fish spp failing? 
Trends
A

Create 17% of globally cobsumed animal protein

I overfishing since 19th century
Global
-Billingsgate in east London

Cod 
Plaice
Whiting 
Hake 
2003 stock below recommended 
M
(But healthy for mackerel and haddock)

Marine systems are flatlining and aquaculture is taking up the slack
Increase in aquaculture since 1990s

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5
Q
  1. commercial fishing
    Problems ?
    (5)
A

Mechanical changes

Mesh size - main instrument of regulation but flawed when fills up holes are smaller

By catch 90% hauls are thrown back and non target app
Is starfish

Habitat destruction - trawling is mor damaging than land cleared for forestry
150x area than land for forestry

Ghost fishing lost by nets
7000 of fish nets are lost each year in N Pacific
Nylon nets persist
Gill netting in Ghana

New technology- fish cannot hide
Precision targeting

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6
Q
  1. Commercial fishing

Describe factory fishing

A

Highly automated
Larger process on board

Atlantic dawn and Veronica

Largest in world and can stay at sea for over 3 tea
Can hold enough to feed 2 x pop of Ireland

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7
Q

Precision targeting

A

If fishing grounds
Street view of oceans
New York Bight

3D maps and GPS technology allows identification of fishing grounds

Spotted planes and sonar
Sonar can even pick out individual fish

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8
Q

What is the street view of sea system called?

A

New York Bight

3D and 2D technology

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9
Q

3.FAO problem

A

60% of fishes tracked by UN FAO safe
Fully exploited
Over explores
Or depleted

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10
Q

FAo problem facts

Which areas?

A

Med
Black sea
Greatest need for recovery

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11
Q

FAO
What spp?
4

A

Bluefin tuna
Swordfish
Red snapper
Ancoveta in Peru

Note swordfish and red snapper are threatened yet still being sold in local fishmonger

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12
Q

FAO

State of fisheries

A 
# fisheries worldwide is still growing 
In Asia has doubled in just 2 decades
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13
Q

4.Body size

A

Large body size is correlate to vulnerability to exploitation

Large spp COD and MARLIN
Slow growing so takes decades to recover

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14
Q

Paper about vulnerability to exploitation
Spp examples.

Covariance?

A

S Jennings

Sharks
Skates
Reef species

Length at first maturity is strongly correlated T.I final body size across 600spp

Shows covariance (big fish breed later)

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15
Q

Skates size detail ?
Brander 1981
3 skates?

A

Species > 100cm have been extirpated from Irish Sea
Common skate 250cm
long nose skate 150cm
White skate 200cn

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16
Q

What are the new alternatives? 5

A 
New target 
Fishing down the food web 
Casting web wider 
Digging deeper 
Aquaculture
17
Q
  1. new target ?

Example of 3 spo and what happened

A

Pacific cod - why USA bought Alaska from Russia
BUT is not as prizes or productive as Atlantic cod - not so tasty

Walleye pollock? More lucrative but already overfished

Haddock? Haddock could be new cod, smaller relative and ecologically similar

18
Q
  1. Fishing down the food web
    What can we go for?
    Problem?
A

Globally we are trimming higher tropic levels

Could get lower levels
BUT requires smaller mesh sizes and
May have negative effect on higher predators by depleting food sources

Lobster
Shrimp
Scallops

Also still potential negative affects

19
Q
  1. Casting the net wider?

Problem exclusion zones

A

90% of world fisheries are now closed off by 200mile net exclusion zones

20
Q

Casting the net wider

What has exclusion zones led to?
Problem ££?

A

This has led to increase pressure on developing countries on deep sea stocks

veronuca and Atlantic dawn have visited African and Australian waters

Contentious issue as subsidised by eu
Also problem as need active coast guards but this is expensive and developing countries cannot afford

Tensions and issues

21
Q
  1. Digging deeper?

Example spp

A

Orange roughy

BUT led to rapid collapse of fishery
St Helen’s Hill collapse happened v quickly

Why? Highly vulnerable

22
Q

Why was the orange roughy and other deep sea spp highly vulnerable to over exploitation?
3

A

Long gen time
Slow growth - max age 149!!
Small pop size - min pop doubling time is >14 yrs

23
Q

Is it just the orange roughy? What is the danger

A

5 deep sea app in Canadian waters

All in decline

24
Q

Extra problems cod and herring

A

Again global problem
Historical series for Newfoundland cod

Comparing

1) cumulative catch
2) numbers at sea

Fish taken out of sea increasing
Key species are being fished out of the food web

25
Q

Final points - using past to infer the future?

2 key qus?

A

When will we reach critical point that global fisheries become economically inviable?

How will we provide aquatic food supplies in the 21st century? …

Aquaculture?
Single app
Reduces wasteful bycatch

26
Q

What does fao show will happen in our lifetime

A

More fishes collapsing

I’d rate maintained

Marine fish will not be commercially viable in our lifetimes

27
Q

Future…

what are the five S for aquatic food supply?

A 
Sufficient 
Safe 
Sustainable 
Shock proof 
Sound
28
Q

Sufficient?

A

To meet needs and wants of society

29
Q

Safe

A

Minimal risk to people and enviro and safe to eat

30
Q

Sustainable

A

Food is available NOW and for FUTURE GENS

31
Q

Shock proof

A

Resilient to shocks in production systems and supply chains

32
Q

Sound

A

Meet

legal standards for animals and people and

ethical expectations of society

GCB (8 decks)

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