Fish Flashcards
Osteichthyes
Modern bony teleosts
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
Petromyzontida
primitive jawless fish i.e. Lampreys
Scale hair, ossified, spinous/hard rays, composed of bone or cartilage, characteristic of 1st dorsal fin
Lepidotrichion
Horn hair, not ossified, soft rays, keratinized rod, characteristic of caudal fin
Ceratotrichion
Ctenoid scales
Bears ctenii, fishes w/ stiff spines
Cycloid scales
lack ctenii (scales), soft rayed fishes
Placoid scales
back-pointing spines, cartilaginous fishes
Ganoid scales
primitive bony fish
Basipterygia
“Base fin”, pelvic plates
Hypaxial musculature
below the ribs
Epaxial musculature
above the ribs
Freshwater fish aquarium pH?
6.8-7.8
Marine aquarium pH?
7.8-8.3
What pH will damage gills?
pH 4 and 5
Temperature range for tropical fish?
75-80ºF
What is water hardness? Soft: Moderately hard: Hard: Very hard: Which has the highest buffering capacity?
Concentration of mineral ions in water, predominated by Ca++ and Mg++, expressed in terms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
Soft: 0-75ppm
Moderately hard: 75-150ppm
Hard: 150-300ppm
Very hard: >300ppm
Which has the highest buffering capacity? Very hard
What is the combined chlorine residual?
Total chlorine= ____ + _____
Residual chlorine levels < _____ ppm are safe to fish
How do you remove chlorine?
What is the combined chlorine residual? CHLORAMINES
Total chlorine= FREE CHLORINE + CHLORAMINES
Residual chlorine levels < 0.003 ppm are safe to fish
How do you remove chlorine? ADD 1 DROP 1% SODIUM THIOSULFATE to 1 GALLON OF WATER TO NEUTRALIZE CHLORAMINES
Marine fish are HYPER/HYPOosmoregulatory?
Freshwater fish are HYPER/HYPOosmoregulatory?
Which fish drinks water?
excretes dilute urine in large volumes?
has chloride cells in gills?
Marine fish are HYPOosmoregulatory? Freshwater fish are HYPERosmoregulatory? Which fish drinks water? MARINE excretes dilute urine in large volumes? FRESHWATER has chloride cells in gills? MARINE
DO of ___ppm is adequate for tropical fish.
Marine systems should have a DO of ___ppm to saturation
DO _____ as temperature and salinity _____
DO of 5ppm is adequate for tropical fish.
Marine systems should have a DO of 5.5ppm to saturation
DO DECREASES as temperature and salinity INCREASE
Ammonia is converted to ____ by bacterial (______) decomposition. _____ is converted to nitrate by bacterial (______) decomposition. ______ and ______ are toxic to fish.
Nitrites form _______ from hemoglobin resulting in _____.
Ammonia is converted to NITRITE by bacterial (NITROSOMONAS) decomposition. NITRITE is converted to nitrate by bacterial (NITROBACTER) decomposition. AMMONIA and NITRITE are toxic to fish.
Nitrites form METHEMOGLOBIN from hemoglobin resulting in HYPOXIA.
