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Comparative Zoology > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

The cranial skeleton consists of what?

A

The chondrocranium, the splanchnocranium, the dermatocranium.

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2
Q

What is the chondrocranium?

A

The ‘box’ that encloses the brain and capsules the sense organs. It protects the brain.

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3
Q

What is the splanchnocranium?

A

The visceral portion of the skull that supports the gills and contributes to the jaws.

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4
Q

What is the dermatocranium?

A

The dermal bone that contributes to the braincase and the jaws.

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5
Q

Where is the dermatocranium believed to be derived from?

A

The external armour of primitive fish.

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6
Q

The splanchnocranium arises _____________ from ___________________.

A

embryologically from neural crest cells.

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7
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into the wall of the ____________ to form ______________ between the _________.

A

PHARYNX to form PHARYNGEAL SLITS between the GILLS.

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8
Q

What is the first arch of the splanchnocranium?

A

The mandibular arch

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9
Q

The mandibular arch is divided into dorsal and ventral sections. Name these sections and describe them.

A

Dorsal element: palatoquadrate (contributes to the upper jaw)

Ventral element: meckel’s cartilage (contributes to the lower jaw)

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10
Q

What is the second arch of the splanchnocranium called? What is its most prominent component?

A

The hyoid arch. The most prominent component is the hyomandibula.

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11
Q

Branchial arches I-V are associated with what?

A

The gill apparatus.

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12
Q

The dermatocranium lies __________ to the chondrocranium.

A

superficial.

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13
Q

Name the bone series in the dermatocranium.

A 
Facial series
Orbital series
Temporal series
Vault series
Palatal series
Mandibular series

And the opercular and pectoral series in fish

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14
Q

Name the three bones in the facial series.

A

Premaxilla, maxilla and nasals.

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15
Q

Name the five bones in the orbital series.

A

Lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, jugal

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16
Q

Name the five bones in the temporal series.

A

Intertemporal, supratemporal, tabula, squamosal, quadratojugal

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17
Q

Name the three bones in the vault series.

A

Frontal, parietal, postparietal.

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18
Q

Name the five bones in palatal series.

A

Vomer, palatine, ectoptergoid, pterygoid, parasphenoid

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19
Q

Name the bones in the mandibular series.

A

Lateral: angular, surangular, dentary, splenials,

Medial: prearticular, coronoids

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20
Q

What is the name of the whole through which arteries, veins and nerves enter and exit.

A

Foramen (plural foramina or foramens).

21
Q

Define autostylic jaw.

A

Mandibular bone is suspended from the jaw itself without the help from the hyoid arch.

22
Q

Define amphistylic jaw.

A

Jaws attached to the braincase in two articulations 1) a ligament connecting the palatoquadrate at the the anterior 2) via the hyomanidbula

23
Q

Define hyostylic jaw.

A

Attachment primarily through hyomandibula

24
Q

Define metautostylic jaw

A

Jaw attached directly to the braincase via the quadrate at the rear of the palatoquadrate. Hyomandibula gives rise to the stapes.

25
Q

Define craniostylic jaw.

A

Entire jaw encorporated into braincase, lower jaw suspended from dermal squamosal. Palatoquadrate/meckel’s cartilage gives rise to incus and malleus.

26
Q

What are length measurements in fish good for?

A

1) fisheries: stock assessment, size and growth data
2) species description: distinguishing characteristics
3) investigating intraspecies variation:
4) investigating population or ecological variation

27
Q

What shape are fish?

A

Fusiform

28
Q

Roll

A

Reduced by fusiform shape and stabilised by dorsal and anal fins

29
Q

Yaw

A

Reduced greatly in moving from Anguilliform to Thunniform swimming.

30
Q

Pitch

A

Stabilised/reduced by pelvic/pectoral fin

31
Q

Aspect ratio

A

= height squared/area

32
Q

How is dynamic lift generated

A

generated by propelling a body forward at an inclined angle of attack

33
Q

How is static lift generated

A

Generated by using low-density materials and reducing the amount of high-density materials used.

34
Q

What does the swim bladder do?

A

Lowers the overall density of the fish.

Most osteichthians have one

35
Q

Name the primitive and derived swim bladders.

A 
Primitive = physostomous 
Derived = physoclistous
36
Q

Describe the physostomous swim bladder.

A

Pneumatic duct for charging bladder opens into the oesophagus (also via gas gland)

37
Q

Describe the physoclistous swim bladder.

A

blood/circulatory system for inflation or deflation

The circulatory system is the source of gases.

38
Q

How does the physoclistous swim bladder inflate?

A

Via the rete mirabile

39
Q

How does the physoclistous swim bladder deflate?

A

Via oval window by capillary network

40
Q

Describe the inflation of the physoclistous swim bladder

A

Gas gland releases lactic acid in rete mirabile, which acts as a countercurrent multiplier.

41
Q

Describe the deflation of the physoclistous swim bladder

A

Bladder walls have low permeability so when sphincter relaxes, the pressure forces oxygen into oval window and bloodstream

42
Q

Name four ways to increase buoyancy

A

1) reduce the number of heavy tissues
2) Use low-density compounds
3) Generate lift as a product of swimming
4) The evolution of a swim bladder

43
Q

In what period did jaws develop?

A

The Silurian

44
Q

What type of fishes first developed jaws?

A

Placoderms

45
Q

What did jaws arise from?

A

The two most anterior pairs of gill arches

46
Q

_____________ of sharks show that ____________ and jaws develop similarly ___________

A

Embryology of sharks show that jaws and branchial arches develop similarly in series

47
Q

_____ and _______ of branchial arches and jaws are distributed in a similar pattern

A

nerves and blood vessels

48
Q

Musculature of the jaws appears to be __________ and ___________ from ____________ musculature

A

Musculature of the jaws appears to be transformed and modified from branchial arch musculature

49
Q

What happened as a result of the evolution of the jaw?

A

1) They could grasp objects firmly (extended phenotype)
2) They could eat things bigger than themselves
3) The evolution of the immune system potentially (Matsunaga and Rahman, 1998).

Comparative Zoology (7 decks)

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