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BI1512 - Diversity of Life 2 > Fish > Flashcards

Fish Flashcards

1
Q

What is paedomorphosis?

A

Sexual maturation in juvenile form

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2
Q

What are the 5 distinct characteristics of chordates?

A
  • Notochord
  • Dorsal nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Endostyle
  • Post-anal tail
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3
Q

What additional characteristics do vertebrate carry?

*Not the chordate characteristics

A
  • Vertebral column “backbone”
  • Cranium
  • Tripartite brain
  • Kidneys
  • Endoskeleton (bone or cartilage)
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4
Q

Fish are a highly diverse range of species. There is currently an estimated ________ species in total. This represents >___% of living vertebrates.

Water is ____ times denser than air.
Water has _____ concentration of oxygen.

A

(1) ~28,000
(2) 50
(3) 800
(4) 1/20th

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5
Q

Name at least three characteristics of the class ostracoderms.

Are they extinct or extant?

A
  • Jawless fish
  • All covered by bony plates
  • Bony plates acted like jaws
  • Notochord was probably the main axial support

EXTINCT - during the late Devonian mass extinctions

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6
Q

What is the general feeding behaviour of hagfish?

A
  • They feed on dead marine mammals, tie themselves in knots to increase grip.
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7
Q

Name at least three lamprey features

A
  • Single nasal opening
  • Rudimentary Thyroid Gland (endostyle)
  • Has a kidney
  • Lampreys can osmoregulation in freshwater (specialised chloride cells)
  • 7 pairs of gill pouches
  • Large, well developed eyes;
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8
Q

What are the key features of the gnathostomes evolutionary step?

A
  • Upper and Lower jaws; Expand the niches which can be used; grasp hold/tear away; allowed jawed vertebrates to become apex predators
  • Paired fins; better control during swimming
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9
Q

What classes does the phyla gnathostomata filter in to?

A
  • Placodermi (EXTINCT)
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes
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10
Q

The class chondrichthyes is made of 2 subclasses. What are they?

A
  • Elasmobranchs

- Holocephali

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11
Q

Name at least three characteristics of the subclass Holocephali

A
  • Generally deep marine fish >80 metres deep
  • Holocephali have a single gill opening
  • Cartilaginous skeleton
  • A “whip” like tail
  • Generally, bottom feeders
  • No obvious teeth, but large flat plates

Includes Chimaeras/Ratfish

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12
Q

There are 3 different lineages of sharks & rays. What are they? Briefly explain.

A
  • Squaloid sharks (~80 species) such as dogfish. No anal fin .
  • Galeoid Sharks (~280 species) These are dominant, include the great white, hammerhead & whale shark. Have an anal fin
  • Batoidea (Sharks and Rays)
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13
Q

What are some key features of chondrichthyes (at least three).

A
  • Endoskeleton (cartilaginous)
  • Buoyancy
  • Movement
  • External coverings
  • Feeding
  • Reproduction
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14
Q

Name at least three characteristics of Elasmobranchs

A
  • Fusiform body or dorsal-ventrally depressed
  • Heterocercal caudal fin (tail)
  • Male has claspers for reproduction
  • Ventral mouth
  • Placoid scales
  • Endoskeleton entirely cartilaginous
  • Internal fertilisation
  • High concentrations of urea and trimethylamine oxide in blood
  • They are negatively buoyant; no swim bladder; keep swimming to stop sinking; oily livers that can aid buoyancy (squalene oil/shark oil)
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15
Q

In chondrichthyes, name the movement caused by the following fins.

(1) Paired fins control pitch.
(2) Caudal fin.
(3) Dorsal and anal fins.

A

(1) up and down - PITCH
(2) thrust forward - YAW
(3) ROLL

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16
Q

The caudal fin (tail) can otherwise been known as a ___________ tail. It helps to give ____ to the fish as it swims along.

A

Heterocercal tail

“lift”

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17
Q

Sharks are highly streamlined and can swim up to _____km/hr^-1.
Their skin is covered by ______ scales - which appear like tiny tooth like scales.
The scales have a hard outer surface, _______, which is similar to tooth enamel.

A

55km/h^-1

PLACOID scales

Vitrodentine

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18
Q

Predatory sharks actively search for food using a variety of senses. What are they?

A
  • Chemoreception; highly sensitive smell & olfactory system
  • Vision; special adaptation for vision in poor light
  • Mechanoreception
  • Electroreception
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19
Q

Electroreceptors are modified hair cells of the lateral line. Sharks have these on their ______. Skate and rays have them on their _______.

A

head

pectoral fins

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20
Q

Hammerhead sharks use the wide head to spread the distance between _________. Previously thought to be for ________ or vision. The metal on a shark cage may confuse the shark and rarely attacks the metal structure.

A

electroreceptors

olfaction

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21
Q

Manta rays are filter feeders. They have peculiar ______ fins to direct food into the mouth.

A

cephalic

22
Q

Name at least three features of reproductive strategies in elasmobranchs

A
  • Sophisticated breeding mechanisms
  • All fertilisation is internal
  • Males have specialised CLASPERS
  • Small sharks: male wraps round female
  • Larger sharks: male bites into back or onto fin, often scar marks are left on female.
23
Q

What is lecithotrophy?

A

The yolk supplies most of the nutrients to embryo. As described as oviparous egg is deposited outside the body.

Example: dog fish egg/mermaids purse

Embryo can be seen developing within egg and will hatch out as fully formed fish.

Proteinaceous case around the egg allows it to become tangled in sea weed etc.

24
Q

What is matrotrophy?

A

Female reproductive tract supplies nutrients.

Ovoviviparous & viviparous: Young is born fully formed.

There is a range of methods of nourishment, this has evolved separately in different classes of animals.

25
Q

Elasmobranchs have evolved different methods of matrotrophy. What are they?

A
  1. Embryos feed on their siblings: intrauterine-cannibalism/embryophagy e.g. Great White Shark
  2. Nutrients delivered to mouth of embryo by “spaghetti-like” oviduct wall
  3. Yolk sac placenta: direct from female blood stream via vascularised yolk sac, termed PLACENTOTROPHIC e.g. atlantic sharpnose shark
26
Q

Parthenogenesis has now been documented in all jawed vertebrates except ________.

A

mammals

27
Q

Shark migrations are being explained using genetic studies. Sharks have large migrations and demonstrate __________________

A

Natal philopatry homing

28
Q

Sharks, as top predators and low rates of reproduction are easily over fished. What are they two main problems?

A

Shark-fin soup

By catch during high seas fishing

29
Q

Osteichthyes are an extremely diverse group of vertebrates consisting of two main lineages. What are they?

A

Sarcopterygian (lobe-finned-fish) “fleshy fin”

Actinopterygian (ray-finned fish)

30
Q

Briefly describe sarcopterygii

A
  • Lobe-finned-fish
  • Share common ancestor with other bony fish
  • Early sarcopterygians had lungs and gills
  • The now extinct rhipidistians are regarded as being ancestors to all other tetrapods
  • Only 8 species still known to survive
31
Q

Briefly describe dipnoi

A
  • Lungfish
  • Originally thought of as specialised salamanders
  • Possibly because newly hatched lung fish had external gills
  • In all lungfish, dorsal, caudal and anal fish are fused round the body
32
Q

How many species of Lungfish are there?

A

6

  • African lungfish (4 species)
  • South american lungfish
  • Australian lungfish
33
Q

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates (containing ~27,000 extant species).

A

Actinopterygians

34
Q

_______ appeared ~380MYA and were probably original ray-finned fish; surviving members of this group are sturgeons and paddle fish.

A

Chondrostei

35
Q

________ appeared ~240MYA and includes the remaining fishes described as teleosts

A

Neopterygii

36
Q

Neopterygii includes all the ________ fish

A

teleostean

37
Q

Neopterygii and teleostean share a number of common characteristics. What are they?

A
  1. Operculum consists of four bones
  2. Tail is usually homocercal
  3. Scales elasmoid made of two thin layers
  4. Vertebrae are completely ossified (lighter and stronger than chondrostean)
  5. Premaxillary and maxillary bones of upper jaw are movable
  6. Fins are highly maneuverable, giving them excellent control
38
Q

In the respiratory system, blood flow is ______ to water.

A

countercurrent

39
Q

Advances in gill movement in teleosts has been achieved by what? Briefly describe.

A
  • Branchiostegal rays; allows effective pumping of water across gills
  • Interbranchial septum - is reduced
40
Q

Briefly describe gills

A
  • First vertebrate gas exchange organ
  • Highly complex vasculature
  • High surface area epithelium
  • Entire cardiac output perfuses the branchial vasculature before entering dorsal aorta

In fresh and salt water, fills, are key osmoregulation organs

41
Q

Briefly describe the evolution of the swim bladder

A
  • Early osteichthyes lived in freshwater and gulped air during periods of stagnation
  • First “lungs” were ventral out-pouches of the gut, allowed exchange of O2 and CO2
  • These ventral lungs still present in South American and African lungfish
  • The problem was, this made them top heavy and roll over, Australian lungfish have a dorsal lung
  • All other modern bony-fish have a dorsal swim-bladders
  • Many advanced teleost swim bladders are no longer linked to the gut
  • They are filled with pure O2
42
Q

What does physostomous mean?

A

There is a dorsal air bladder attachment - the swim bladder is connected to the oesophagus

43
Q

What does physoclistous mean?

A

The swim bladder is NOT connected to the oesophagus

44
Q

Briefly describe the control of the swim bladder in advanced fish

A
  • Haemoglobin carries O2 in blood vessels
  • In fish, haemoglobin released O2 at a low pH; this is called the ROOT EFFECT
  • Strength of root effect varies between species
45
Q

What is the root effect?

A

The release of oxygen from haemoglobin at a low pH.

46
Q

_______ has many physiological implications for fish. They attempt to control this by behavioural means, especially if they can only survive narrow range. Some fish have a very wide range, for example, a goldfish.

Changes in this should be gradual.

A

Temperature

47
Q

Cold water holds more oxygen. Antarctic ice fish have lost the genes for haemoglobin. They have a variety of mechanisms to stop their serum from freezing. This has arisen __________ in both the arctic and antarctic.

What are the two mechanisms used by antarctic ice fish?

A
  • INDEPENDENTLY
  1. Antifreeze proteins (various different ones)
  2. Production of glycerol
48
Q

What does iteroparous mean?

A

Reproduce multiple times during life, this is most common with fish “spawning” once or several times per year

49
Q

What does semelparous mean?

A

Fish reproduce once termed “big-bang” strategy

50
Q

What does catadromous mean?

A

Juvenile stage in salt water, adults grow in freshwater (e.g. eels)

51
Q

What does anadromous mean?

A

Juvenile stage in freshwater, adults grow in salt water (e.g. salmon)

BI1512 - Diversity of Life 2 (14 decks)

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