Arthropods Flashcards
Protostome means _____ first.
Mouth
In most protostomes, the ______ ______ becomes the mouth.
Embryonic blastopore
All protostomes are ___________ symmetrical animals
Bilaterally
What are the two major traits exhibited by ALL protostomes?
- Anterior brain surrounds digestive tract entrance
2. Ventral nervous system with paired/fused longitudinal nerve cords
Ecdysozoans have an ______ skeleton, secreted by the underlying _______.
external,
epidermis
An ecdysozoan skeleton cannot ______.
grow
In order to grow, ecdysozoans must _____ the exoskeleton and replace it with a larger one.
moult
Onychophorans (velvet worms) are ______ but not _______.
Ecdysozoans,
Arthropods
Onychophorans have soft, fleshy, claw-bearing ________ legs. They have a thin, flexible cuticle that contains _______. The fluid-filled body cavities act as ______ skeletons.
unjointed,
Chitin,
Hydrostatic
Water bears/Moss piglets (Tardigrades) are _________ but not ________.
Ecdysozoans,
Arthropods
Tardigrades have eight, fleshy, unjointed legs and __________ skeletons.
Hydrostatic
Tardigrades lack both _______ and ___ _______ systems.
Circulatory,
Gas exchange
Tardigrades can survive for at least a ________ in a dormant state.
decade
Body segmentation arose in ________.
Annelids
Arthropods, and many other vertebrates have ________ legs.
jointed
Arthropods lost the ancestral ______. Their internal cavity has become a ______. (Onychophorans and tardigrades also have a type of _______.).
coelom,
haemocoel,
haemocoel
Appendages evolved in the ________ period, leading to the Arthropod’s (jointed foot) _______.
Precambrian,
clade
Trilobites flourished in the ______ and ______ seas before becoming extinct about 250 MYA.
Cambrian,
Ordovician
Trilobites had heavy _______. It was thickened by layers of protein and a strong, waterproof polysaccharide called _______.
exoskeletons,
chitin
Chitin restricts both ______ and ___ ________.
movement,
gas exchange
Exoskeleton limits ____. The strength of an exoskeleton increases as a square of the animal’s ____ _______. Both volume and weight ______ as the cubed power.
size,
linear dimensions,
increases
Centipedes have ____ pair(s) of leg(s) per segment.
one
Millipedes have _____ pair(s) of leg(s) per segment.
two
Chelicerates consist of three major clades, what are they?
Pycnogonids,
Horseshoe crabs,
Arachnids
The bodies of Chelicerates are divided into ____ major regions.
two
In Chelicerates, the anterior region bears two pairs of appendages, modified to form _______.
mouthparts
Many Chelicerates have ______ pairs of walking legs.
four
Pycnogonids are also called ______ _______.
sea spiders
There are ____ extant species of horseshoe crabs.
four
Most arachnids have a simple life cycle in which miniature adults hatch from ________ fertilised eggs.
internally
Other arachnids _____ their eggs during development and _____ ____ to ____ young.
retain,
give birth,
live
Mites and ticks are ______ for plant and animals diseases.
vectors
Many spiders produce ____ threads from which they spin webs to ensnare prey. Spider _____ are organs from which spider web silk is extruded. Pressure, as well as external pulling by the spider, rearranged the _______ ____ _______ _________ into a solid but flexible thread.
protein,
spinnerets,
liquid silk polymer molecules
Hexapoda is made up of? (4)
Collembola (springtails),
Diplura (Two-pronged bristletails),
Proturans (Wingless relatives of insects),
Insecta
Insects are the dominant terrestrial arthropods. They have bodies with ____ basic regions. Name and briefly describe them.
three,
a head, with a single pair of antennae attached;
a thorax, with three pairs of legs attached;
an abdomen with no appendages
Apterygota represent ____ groups of insects. Name them.
two,
Archaeognatha (the jumping bristletails)
Thysanura (Silverfish)
Archaeognatha do not have ______. They are ______ and after hatching, continue to moult throughout their life.
wings,
ametabolous
Pterygote insects were the first animals in evolutionary history to achieve the ability to _____.
fly
Paleoptera insects ______ fold their wings back against the body.
cannot
Neopteran insects _______ fold their wings back against the body.
can
Pterygotes have _______ pair(s) of wing(s), except in some groups in which _____ or _____ pair(s) of wing(s) have been secondarily lost.
two,
one,
both
The immature stages of insects between moults are called _______.
instars
In ametabolous insects, no _____________ occurs.
metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is …..
the substantial change that occurs between one developmental stage and another.
Insects that exhibit gradual changes between their instars are said to undergo _______ _________.
incomplete metamorphosis
Some ______ undergo incomplete metamorphosis, whereas most species undergo complete metamorphosis.
neopterans
Give (at least) 3 examples of neopterans that undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
grasshoppers; cockroaches; stick insects; termites; stoneflies; earwigs; thrips; true bugs; aphids; cicadas; leafhoppers
Neopterans that undergo incomplete metamorphosis are called ________.
hemimetabolous
Neopterans that undergo complete metamorphosis are called _______.
holometabolous
Name (at least) 3 examples of neopterans that undergo complete metamorphosis
Caddisflies; many beetle species; lace wigs and their relatives; butterflies; moths; true flies; bees; wasps; ants
In complete metamorphosis, a worm-like larvae transforms itself during a specialised phase called the ______.
pupa
Dragonflies, damselflies (Odonata) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are the only surviving groups of the first lineage of ________.
Pyerygotes
Members of the pyerygotes have _____ larvae that _____ into adults.
aquatic,
metamorphose
Pyerygotes are thought of as ______ because they don’t _____.
hemimetabolous,
pupate
Dragonflies and damselflies are ____ _____ as larvae.
active predators
Adult mayflies lack functional digestive tracts and only live long enough to mate and lay eggs. Most of their life is spent as wingless larvae or ________ juveniles, commonly called _______
hemimetabolous,
nymphs
Mayfly nymphs cling onto the substrate in rivers and are predated upon by ______ and _____ _____.
salmonids,
other fish
What are the three types of larval form?
Polypod,
Oligopod,
Apod
Mouthparts of insects that feed on fluids are modified in various ways to form a tube through which liquid can be drawn into the mouth. The muscles of the _______ are strongly developed and form a pump.
pharynx
In orders Hemiptera and Diptera, which feed on animal or plant fluids, some components of the mouthparts are modified for ______. Combined tubular structures may be termed the ______ or ______.
piercing,
proboscis,
rostrum
Hemiptera are….
true bugs
Diptera are….
true flies
______ mosquitos feed on blood and plant sap whereas _____ mosquitos feed only on plant sap.
female,
male
In diptera, paired ______ and ______ are formed into needle-like structures (called _____) which are enclosed by the ______.
mandibles,
maxillae,
stylets,
labium
When a mosquito “bites”, the barbed ______ penetrate the dermal tissue to anchor the mouthparts in the tissue: this also provides _______ when the other parts (______) are inserted. The sheath-like _____ slides back and the remaining mouthparts pass through its tip and into the tissue.
maxillae,
leverage,
mandibles,
labium
The mosquito injects saliva, through the ________, which contains _________, into the tissue to stop the blood from _______. The _____ forms a tube through which the blood passes, aided by two muscular pumps within the head.
hypopharynx,
anticoagulants,
clotting,
labrum
In many dipteran species, including the housefly, (Musca) the tip of the _______ is expanded to form a lobe, the _________. It is transversed by structures called ____________. The ____________ converge centrally to the distal end of the food canal. To feed, the fly must first deposit some saliva into food to soften it, then it sponges with the ________ and draws the food up through the food canal.
labium, labellum, pseudotracheae, pseudotracheae, labellum
Insect limbs:
_____ on the ____ of tobacco horn worm detect _____ and ____ _____.
Sensilla,
tarsi,
sugars,
amino acids
Insect limbs have many different functions. Name 5.
digging, swimming, jumping, pollen collection, grasping
Name an insect that uses its limbs for swimming.
Great diving beetle
Name an insect that uses its limbs for jumping.
Cat flea
Name an insect that uses its limbs for pollen collection.
Honey bee.
Name an insect that uses its limbs for grasping.
Praying mantis.
Insects use various mechanisms for holding onto smooth surfaces. In various flies, there are 2 claws and 2 or 3 pads. The pads contain 1000s of _______ hairs, which have spatula-like tips and have closely associated gland cells that secrete fluid ________. Large surface area, fluid, plus close proximity to substrate (____ __ _____ forces) enable flies to walk upside-down on smooth surfaces.
tenant,
lipoproteins,
Van der Waals
What are the 5 types of arthropod parasitic behaviour?
Ectoparasitic blood and haemolymph feeding;
Myiasis;
Social parasitism; Kleptoparasitisml Parasitoidism and hyperparasitoidism
Parasitism is common amongst insects and has evolved many times. Often at only on point of the life cycle (Adults may be parasitic but juveniles aren’t). Adult fleas, for instance, are _____-_______ _________, but the larvae develop in host nests and often feed on the adult flea ______. The situation may be reversed, the the larvae being parasites, e.g. fly maggots that cause _______.
blood-feeding ectoparasites,
faeces,
myiasis
The human botfly (Dermatobia hominis) disperse eggs via mosquitos, _________.
phoresy
What is phoresy?
an association between two organisms in which one (e.g. a mite) travels on the body of another, without being a parasite.
The female captures a mosquito, _______ and releases her, unharmed. The first _____ develops within the egg. When the mosquito bites, the botfly larvae penetrates the host’s skin through the bite hole. The larvae passes through ____ _____, before falling to the ground to ______.
oviposits,
instar,
three instars,
pupate.
Blood is ______ and easy to digest but can cause pain and distress to the ____ and is dangerous for the _____. Seems to have been an evolutionary progression from _______ to ______ ________. Sucking lice have higher ______ than chewing lice: indicative of the _______ value of blood.
nutritious, host, feeder, facultative, obligate hematophagy, fecundity, nutritive
What are blood-feeding insects attracted to? (5)
Fatty acids, CO2, Octanol, Ammonia, Phenols in urine
What are the three processes that contribute to haemostasis in vertebrates?
- Platelet aggregation
- Blood coagulation
- Vaso-constriction
Rhodnius produce RPAI, what is this?
RPAI - anti-platelet aggregation
Chrysops produce what?
fibrinogen receptor antagonist
Sandly produces maxadilan peptide, what is this?
a vasodilator
True or false: social parasitism often occurs between closely related species?
true
Social parasitism takes advantage of social interactions between members of social species. True or false?
true
What is parthenogenesis?
a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring develops from unfertilized eggs.
What is thelytoky?
a type of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from unfertilized eggs
What is Kleptoparasitism?
one animal taking food from another
Can kleptoparasitism occur inter- or intra- specifically?
both
Solitary and pre-social hymenoptera often host parasitic flies. They can track hosts, often in flight and lay their eggs on the _____ ____ made by bees.
pollen masses
What is a parasitoid?
A parasitoid remains in contact with hosts and eventually kills and consumes them
True or false:
It is thought that there may be as many parasitoid as non-parasitoid species of insect.
true
True or false:
Parasitoidism is thought to be a biological control measure.
true
What is a hyperparasitoid?
A parasitoid that attacks other parasitoids.
Parasitoids locate a host using cues such as ___________. Give an example.
Semiochemicals,
e.g Kairomones
non-volatile semiochemicals ______ detectable over long distances.
aren’t
volatile semiochemicals _______ detectable over long distances.
are
Landmarks, shapes and colours are examples of __________ cues.
photosensory
________ cues are useful when locating wood borers. Sensilla on the antennae can detect _______ _____ and ______ hosts.
Thermosensory,
infrared radiation,
locate
_______ cues collect a positive _____ experience with one or more multi-sensory cies and store it for future use.
Learned,
oviposition
What is encapsulation?
the action of enclosing something in or as if in a capsule. A common way of the host fighting back
What is a haemocyte cell?
a cell of the haemolymph of various invertebrates, especially arthropods.
