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second year exams > First year flash cards > Flashcards

First year flash cards

1
Q

name 3 symptoms of a pleural effusion

A 
SOB
pleuritic chest pain
dry cough
fever
weigh loss
malaise
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2
Q

exudative pleural effusions are most likely to be unilateral or bilateral?

A

unilateral as most of them are due to inflammation

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3
Q 
which of the following drugs should not be used in pregnant women?
A. verapamil
B. nifedipine MR
C. atenolol
D. methyl dopa
A

verapamil should not be used in pregnant women. it is a rate limiting CCB that can cause bradycardia - diltiazem can have a similar effect

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4
Q

t wave inversion is present in STEMI’s - true or false?

A

false. correct answer is NONSTEMI
T wave inversion is characteristic of partial coronary occlusion and so in NSTEMI there will be no ST elevation and no pathological Q waves but there will be inverted t waves with subendocardial damage

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5
Q

tetralogy of fallot is caused by what cardiac defects?

A
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • RVH
  • VSD
  • dexposition of the aorta
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6
Q

What are CT-PET scans used for?

A

to check the metabolic activity of active tumours

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7
Q 
What are the following results in a patient with life-threatening asthma?
PEF?
PaO2?
PaCO2?
SaO2?
A

PEF will be below 33%
PaO2 will be below 8kPa
PaCO2 WILL BE NORMAL SO REMEMBER THIS OBI
SaO2 will be below 92%

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8
Q

what is the process for real time sampling in lung cancer tissue investigation?

A

endobronchial ultrasound- transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)

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9
Q

stable angina will usually last for under 20 minutes - true or false?

A

true

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10
Q

what structure forms the ligamentum venosum

A

ductus venosus

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11
Q

suggest 3 signs that may be biochemically and clinically seen in a patient with hyperlipidamia

A

clinically:

corneal arcus
xanthomata
xanthalasmata 
obese (BMI>30)
Hypertension

biochemically:

  • LDL
  • HDL
  • cholesterol
  • TAG
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12
Q

the muscular part of the IV septum (interventricular) of the primordial heart will develop from the fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushions - T/F?

A

false
it develops from the proliferation of the medial wall. the IV foramen is closed from fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushion forming the membranous part of the IV septum

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13
Q

what are the investigations done for bronchiectasis? Name 5 most important ones

A
  • HRCT of thorax gold standard
  • serum immunoglobuins (including IgE)
  • sputum culture for infection
  • Aspergillus precipitations
  • Cystic fibrosis genotyping
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14
Q

What are the main 3 surgery treatments for pulmonary hypertension?

A
  • pulmonary septostomy which will create a shunt to increase the cardiac output
  • pulmonary endarterectomy but is mainly done for hypertension from a proximal pulmonary embolism
  • transplant
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15
Q

spacers used in inhalers will affect how much of the drug in the propellant will reach the lung - T/f?

A

true

slows down the speed of the propellant and so less deposition in the oropharynx and more to the target

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16
Q

what is the major complication of thrombolysis?

A

hemorrhage (generally bleeding)

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17
Q

what are two contraindications of giving thrombolysis]

be specific and name 3

A
  1. previous intracranial bleed
  2. recent stroke
  3. severe hypertension
  4. surgery/warfarin (be cautious)
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18
Q

Name the 3 main functions of the chorion in embryology

A
  1. forms the placenta
  2. allows for implantation
  3. responsible for secreting HCG
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19
Q

the foramen ovale will arise form the closure of the septum primum true or false?

A

false.

the septum secondum will turn into the foramen ovale

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20
Q

what are the risk factors for venous thrombosis?

A
  1. OCP/ HRT
  2. pregnancy
  3. age
  4. trauma
  5. smoking
  6. cancer
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21
Q

what is heritable thrombophilia?

A

the genetic predisposition to venous thrombosis

22
Q

what is the most preventable thrombophilia?

A

Factor V leiden

23
Q

How is DVT diagnosed?

A

D dimer test

then do a duplex scan

24
Q

how is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed?

A

Computer tomography pulmonary angiography - CTPA gold standard
D dimer
V/Q scan

25
Q

what are the pressures imposed by the anti-embolism stalkings?

A

18mmHg at the ankle
14mmHg at the mid-calf
8mmHg at the upper thigh

26
Q

what is the management plan for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. treat arrhythmia’s and heart failure then give thromboembolic prophylaxis
  2. then give synchronization therapy with an ICD
27
Q

Name 3 types of emphysema patterns

A

periacinar (bullous emphysema)
panacinar
centriacinar

28
Q

the somatopleuric mesoderm will give rise to the serous (parietal) pericardium and the fibrous pericardium - T/F?

A

true

29
Q

In bronchitis, there is no wheeze or crepitations - T/F?

A

true, bronchitis doesn’t present with wheeze or crepitations

30
Q

what are the common nodes which are sampled in endoscopic bronchial ultrasound of lung cancer

A
  1. hilar nodes
  2. sub-carinal nodes
  3. para-tracheal nodes
31
Q

suggest a chemotherapy drug used to treat SCLC, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer

A

cisplatin

32
Q

what is the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children?

A

CPAP
weight loss
adenotonsilectomy
avoid tobacco smoke

33
Q

how many times can streptokinase be used for thrombolysis?

A

once as after this time people will develop resistance to it

34
Q

where are oogonium found?

A

found in the follicles of ovaries

35
Q

how may loss of normal epithelium will result in an ectopic pregnancy (may be the case in pelvic inflammatory disease)

A

loss of normal epithelium will mean that the blastocyst cannot migrate to the endometrium wall and therefor the blastocyst is stuck inside the uterine tubes leading to an ectopic prgenancy

36
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the placenta?

A
  1. remove waste such as CO2
  2. provide nutrients - O2 and Glc
  3. immunological role
37
Q

what is neuralation?

A

the formation of the neural tube

38
Q

which germ layer do somites develop from?

A

to get the mark must say paraxial mesodermal layers

39
Q

what does the QT interval relate to on an ECG - systole or diastole?

A

systole

40
Q

in which patients should an ACEI and ARB not be given to as an anti-hypertensive treatment?

A

black people
over 55
pregnant

41
Q

Name the 4 types of mesothelioma cancers

A

desmoplastic
epithlioid
biphasic
sarcomatid

42
Q

what is the frank stirling law?

A

the stroke volume of the heart is related to the pre-load of the heart.

43
Q

what structure is the chorion made from?

A

the trophoblast will go on to form the chorion

44
Q

where is the decidua basalis located?

A

in the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

45
Q

the cartilage of the larynx will develop from which pharyngeal arches?

A

the 4th to 6th

46
Q

where do SCLC tend to develop?

A

larger airways

47
Q

where do carcinoid tumours develop?

A

in the endocrine system and in the large airways

48
Q

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA is common to which kind of cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

49
Q

what is the presentation of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA

A

pain in the hands and legs

50
Q

name a feature of large cell lung cancer

A

gynecomastia

51
Q

name 4 neoplastic syndromes that will accompany SCLC

A 
SIADH
ACTH
SVCO
Carcinoid
Eaton larmbert
52
Q

what are three neoplastic syndromes that will accompany squamous cell LC

A

pancoast tumour - weakness in upper limbs
horners syndorme - ptosis, anhydrosis and miosis
PTHrH (hypercalcaemia)

second year exams (5 decks)

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