First year flash cards
name 3 symptoms of a pleural effusion
SOB pleuritic chest pain dry cough fever weigh loss malaise
exudative pleural effusions are most likely to be unilateral or bilateral?
unilateral as most of them are due to inflammation
which of the following drugs should not be used in pregnant women? A. verapamil B. nifedipine MR C. atenolol D. methyl dopa
verapamil should not be used in pregnant women. it is a rate limiting CCB that can cause bradycardia - diltiazem can have a similar effect
t wave inversion is present in STEMI’s - true or false?
false. correct answer is NONSTEMI
T wave inversion is characteristic of partial coronary occlusion and so in NSTEMI there will be no ST elevation and no pathological Q waves but there will be inverted t waves with subendocardial damage
tetralogy of fallot is caused by what cardiac defects?
- pulmonary stenosis
- RVH
- VSD
- dexposition of the aorta
What are CT-PET scans used for?
to check the metabolic activity of active tumours
What are the following results in a patient with life-threatening asthma? PEF? PaO2? PaCO2? SaO2?
PEF will be below 33%
PaO2 will be below 8kPa
PaCO2 WILL BE NORMAL SO REMEMBER THIS OBI
SaO2 will be below 92%
what is the process for real time sampling in lung cancer tissue investigation?
endobronchial ultrasound- transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)
stable angina will usually last for under 20 minutes - true or false?
true
what structure forms the ligamentum venosum
ductus venosus
suggest 3 signs that may be biochemically and clinically seen in a patient with hyperlipidamia
clinically:
corneal arcus xanthomata xanthalasmata obese (BMI>30) Hypertension
biochemically:
- LDL
- HDL
- cholesterol
- TAG
the muscular part of the IV septum (interventricular) of the primordial heart will develop from the fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushions - T/F?
false
it develops from the proliferation of the medial wall. the IV foramen is closed from fusion of the bulbar ridges with the endocardial cushion forming the membranous part of the IV septum
what are the investigations done for bronchiectasis? Name 5 most important ones
- HRCT of thorax gold standard
- serum immunoglobuins (including IgE)
- sputum culture for infection
- Aspergillus precipitations
- Cystic fibrosis genotyping
What are the main 3 surgery treatments for pulmonary hypertension?
- pulmonary septostomy which will create a shunt to increase the cardiac output
- pulmonary endarterectomy but is mainly done for hypertension from a proximal pulmonary embolism
- transplant
spacers used in inhalers will affect how much of the drug in the propellant will reach the lung - T/f?
true
slows down the speed of the propellant and so less deposition in the oropharynx and more to the target
what is the major complication of thrombolysis?
hemorrhage (generally bleeding)
what are two contraindications of giving thrombolysis]
be specific and name 3
- previous intracranial bleed
- recent stroke
- severe hypertension
- surgery/warfarin (be cautious)
Name the 3 main functions of the chorion in embryology
- forms the placenta
- allows for implantation
- responsible for secreting HCG
the foramen ovale will arise form the closure of the septum primum true or false?
false.
the septum secondum will turn into the foramen ovale
what are the risk factors for venous thrombosis?
- OCP/ HRT
- pregnancy
- age
- trauma
- smoking
- cancer
what is heritable thrombophilia?
the genetic predisposition to venous thrombosis
what is the most preventable thrombophilia?
Factor V leiden
How is DVT diagnosed?
D dimer test
then do a duplex scan
how is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed?
Computer tomography pulmonary angiography - CTPA gold standard
D dimer
V/Q scan
what are the pressures imposed by the anti-embolism stalkings?
18mmHg at the ankle
14mmHg at the mid-calf
8mmHg at the upper thigh
what is the management plan for dilated cardiomyopathy?
- treat arrhythmia’s and heart failure then give thromboembolic prophylaxis
- then give synchronization therapy with an ICD
Name 3 types of emphysema patterns
periacinar (bullous emphysema)
panacinar
centriacinar
the somatopleuric mesoderm will give rise to the serous (parietal) pericardium and the fibrous pericardium - T/F?
true
In bronchitis, there is no wheeze or crepitations - T/F?
true, bronchitis doesn’t present with wheeze or crepitations
what are the common nodes which are sampled in endoscopic bronchial ultrasound of lung cancer
- hilar nodes
- sub-carinal nodes
- para-tracheal nodes
suggest a chemotherapy drug used to treat SCLC, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer
cisplatin
what is the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in children?
CPAP
weight loss
adenotonsilectomy
avoid tobacco smoke
how many times can streptokinase be used for thrombolysis?
once as after this time people will develop resistance to it
where are oogonium found?
found in the follicles of ovaries
how may loss of normal epithelium will result in an ectopic pregnancy (may be the case in pelvic inflammatory disease)
loss of normal epithelium will mean that the blastocyst cannot migrate to the endometrium wall and therefor the blastocyst is stuck inside the uterine tubes leading to an ectopic prgenancy
what are the 3 main functions of the placenta?
- remove waste such as CO2
- provide nutrients - O2 and Glc
- immunological role
what is neuralation?
the formation of the neural tube
which germ layer do somites develop from?
to get the mark must say paraxial mesodermal layers
what does the QT interval relate to on an ECG - systole or diastole?
systole
in which patients should an ACEI and ARB not be given to as an anti-hypertensive treatment?
black people
over 55
pregnant
Name the 4 types of mesothelioma cancers
desmoplastic
epithlioid
biphasic
sarcomatid
what is the frank stirling law?
the stroke volume of the heart is related to the pre-load of the heart.
what structure is the chorion made from?
the trophoblast will go on to form the chorion
where is the decidua basalis located?
in the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus
the cartilage of the larynx will develop from which pharyngeal arches?
the 4th to 6th
where do SCLC tend to develop?
larger airways
where do carcinoid tumours develop?
in the endocrine system and in the large airways
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA is common to which kind of cancer?
adenocarcinoma
what is the presentation of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA
pain in the hands and legs
name a feature of large cell lung cancer
gynecomastia
name 4 neoplastic syndromes that will accompany SCLC
SIADH ACTH SVCO Carcinoid Eaton larmbert
what are three neoplastic syndromes that will accompany squamous cell LC
pancoast tumour - weakness in upper limbs
horners syndorme - ptosis, anhydrosis and miosis
PTHrH (hypercalcaemia)
