First year cards

Question 1

Primordial follicles

Answer 1

Primary oocyte surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells

Question 2

Roles of testosterone

Answer 2

(made in the leydig cells)
- male repro organs
- age 12-12 spermatogenesis
secondary sex characteristics
- growth of larynx
- stimulating anabolism
- inc sex drive
- inc RBC (EPO kidneys)

Question 3

Functions of oestrogen

Answer 3

• inc utero-placental blood flow
• inc maternal hepatic production of angiotensinogen
• inc maternal production of renin
• breast growth
• inc no of lactotroph cells

Question 4

Structures that drain to superficial inguinal nodes

Answer 4

Male

• scrotum
• penis

Female
- vulva

Question 5

Number of sperm that come from primary spermatocyte

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Hormones secreted by granulosa cells

Answer 6

• estrogen
• progestrone
• inhibin

Question 7

Causes of suppression of ovulation

Answer 7

• starvation
• emotional stress
• severe exercise

Question 8

Follistatin

Answer 8

Inhibits FSH (weakly)

Question 9

Enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

Answer 9

5 alpha reductase

Question 10

Features of menopause

Answer 10

• oestrogen withdrawal syndrome
• loss of menses
• Inc a lot FSH
• hot flushes
• insomnia
• vaginal atrophy
• decrease breast size
• decrease skin elasticity

Question 11

Ejaculation

Answer 11

• contraction of smooth muscles of the urethra (SNS) and striated muscles (somatic)
• control: spinal reflex (somatic) mediated by pudendal nerve S2-S4

Question 12

Emission

Answer 12

SNS activation

• smooth muscles of prostate, vas deferens, seminal vesicles contract to expel semen.
• control: alpha adrenergic SNS through hypogastric nerve

Question 13

Ejaculation vs emission

Answer 13

Emission involves the production and release of semen from your reproductive glands and the contraction of your reproductive ducts, which propel the sperm into the urethra of your penis.

Ejaculation is the releasing of sperm and semen from the urethra.

Question 14

What stage are eggs in until puberty?

Answer 14

Primary oocytes

Question 15

Biosynthesis of oestrogen in placenta

Answer 15

Much of the steroid that is released by the fetal and maternal adrenals during pregnancy is the sulfated form of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S), which is used by the placenta to produce estrogens.

Question 16

Microstructure of seminal vesicles

Answer 16

Pseudostratified epithelium

Question 17

Size of prostate

Answer 17

2.5 x 3.5 x 4.5cm

Question 18

Gubernaculum forms

Answer 18

Men:
scrotal ligament

Women:
ovarian ligament
round ligament

Question 19

Precursor for leydig/thecal

Answer 19

Subendothelial mesenchyme

Question 20

Progesterone is secreted by

Answer 20

• ovaries
• testes
• adrenal glands
• placenta

Question 21

DHT

Answer 21

dihydrotestosterone

Question 22

Hormonal control of spermatogenesis

Answer 22

• FSH initiates
• testosterone (maintains and inhibits FSH secretion)
• inhibin (inhibits further FSH secretion)

Question 23

Hormones of breast development

Answer 23

• oestrogen
• growth hormone
• prolactin (alveoli development and milk secretion)

Question 24

Glandular acini

Answer 24

• hollow alveoli lined with single layer of myoepithelial cells

Question 25

Mechanism of erection

Answer 25

PNS activation through pelvic nerve - smooth muscles of lacunar space of corpora cavernosa are relaxed - blood flow to penis - compression of veins

Question 26

Flaccid penis

Answer 26

SNS activation through hypogastric nerve - smooth muscles of the lacunar space of the corpora cavernosa are contracted - limited folw

Question 27

Testosterone

Answer 27

- type of androgen - secreted by: leydig cells (95%) thecal cells placenta adrenal cortex - most potent androgen

Question 28

Precocious puberty

Answer 28

secondary sexual characteristics in girls <8 boys <9

Question 29

Risks of menopause

Answer 29

- oestrogen decreases, vasodilation decreases, risk of CV disease increases - oestrogen decreases, PTH increases, risk of osteoporosis - oestrogen decreases, ovarian follicles decrease, small ovaries - nocturnal melatonin decreases causing altered sleep

Question 30

Location of ovaries

Answer 30

- 2 x 4 x 2.5 cm ovals - lateral and posterior to uterus - attached to uterus by the ovarian ligament

Question 31

Length between cycles

Answer 31

Young 21-45 Adults 21-35 (average 28)

Question 32

Parts of the fallopian tube

Answer 32

``` Cornula (corner part between uterus and tube) Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria ```

Question 33

Effects of oxytocin

Answer 33

- simulation of the myoepithelial cells lining lacteriferous ducts to contract - surge in prolactin -> more milk for next feed

Question 34

Zones of prostate

Answer 34

- central glandular - transitional zone - peripheral glandular zone

Question 35

Definition of premature birth

Answer 35

< 37 weeks Risk factors - mothers <18, >35 - twins - infection -> increase of prostaglandins

Question 36

GnRH frequences in female cycle

Answer 36

Follicular phase: rapid Early luteal phase: slow Late luteal phase: slowest

Question 37

Estrone

Answer 37

- type of oestrogen | - secreted by granulosa cells

Question 38

Process of parturition

Answer 38

- short high intensity frequent contractions of myometrium - softening and dilation of the cervix - rupture of the foetal membrane

Question 39

Phases of parturition

Answer 39

Phase 0: Quiescence Phase 1: Activation Phase 2: Stimulation Phase 3: Post parturition involution

Question 40

Hormones and proteins of phase 0

Answer 40

Inhibitors of myometrium activity: - progesterone - prostacyclin (PGI2) - NO

Question 41

Hormones and proteins of phase 1

Answer 41

Oestrogens leading to increases in: - prostaglandin Rs - oxytocin Rs - ion channels for gap junctions

Question 42

Hormones and proteins of phase 2

Answer 42

Activators of myometrium: - prostaglandins PGE2 PGF2alpha - oxytocin

Question 43

Hormones and proteins of phase 3

Answer 43

oxytocin

Question 44

What suppresses luteinizing hormone release from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 44

Estradiol

Question 45

Inhibin

Answer 45

Lowers FSH

Question 46

Secreted by ovarian follicles

Answer 46

``` estradiol estrogen (new layer of endometrium) ```

Question 47

Breast development in pregnancy

Answer 47

- CG -> rapid growth and branching - inc vascularity - sustained progesteroin leads to complete alveolar differentiation - alveolar secretion

Question 48

Androstenedione

Answer 48

- type of androgen - made in theca cells (response to LH) - passes to granulosa cells ->estrogen

Question 49

Where is androstenedione secreted?

Answer 49

- women: theca cells (50%) adrenal gland (50%) - men: testes

Question 50

Seizures linked to menstrual cycle

Answer 50

catemenial epilepsy