First test

Question 1

what are the 4 goals of psychology

Answer 1

1- Describe
2- Explain
3- Predict
4- Control/change

Question 2

what is an inference

Answer 2

emotion or thought

Question 3

What is trephining

Answer 3

chipping a hole in a patient’s skull -> evil spirits could then escape

Question 4

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 4

Established the first experimental laboratory

Question 5

What are today’s five perspectives

Answer 5

1- Neuroscience 
2- Psychodynamic
3- Behavioural 
4- Cognitive
5- Humanistic

Question 6

neuroscience perspective

Answer 6

views behaviour from the perspective of biological functioning

Question 7

psychodynamic perspective

Answer 7

believes behaviour is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control

Question 8

behavioural perspective

Answer 8

focuses on observable behaviour

Question 9

cognitive perspective

Answer 9

examines how people understand and think about the world

Question 10

humanistic perspective

Answer 10

contends that people can control their behaviour and that they naturally try to reach full potential

Question 11

what are epigenetics

Answer 11

when your DNA is changed caused by some kind of trauma, which is carried towards their children

Question 12

what are excitatory messages

Answer 12

a chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neutron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon

Question 13

dendrites

Answer 13

receive messages from other neurons

Question 14

axon

Answer 14

• the neuron’s information highway
• he carries messages destined for other cells
• generally longest part of neuron

Question 15

myelin sheath

Answer 15

contains glial cells that wrap themselves around the axon, providing a protective coating and increasing the velocity of the electrical message

Question 16

terminal buttons

Answer 16

• where the axons terminate at

- where synaptic transmission between neutrons or a tissue occurs

Question 17

hindbrain

Answer 17

• AKA the reptilian brain
• part of the brain which controls basic functionings (eating and sleeping) and is common to all vertebrates
• major components: the medulla, pons, the cerebellum

Question 18

midbrain

Answer 18

• small region that connects the hindbrain to the forebrain

- major components: the reticular formation

Question 19

what are the major structures of the brain

Answer 19

• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• pons
• reticular formation
• spinal cord
• cerebral cortex
• corpus callosum
• thalamus
• cerebellum
• medulla

Question 20

what are the four lobes

Answer 20

• frontal lobe
• parietal lobe
• temporal lobe
• occipital lobe

Question 21

hypothalamus

Answer 21

responsible for regulating basic biological needs:hunger, thirst, temperature control

Question 22

pituitary gland

Answer 22

• “master gland”
• secretes hormones that control growth and other parts pf encoring system
• major component of endocrine system

Question 23

pons

Answer 23

involved in sleep and arousal

Question 24

spinal cord

Answer 24

responsible for communication between brain and rest of body: involved with simple reflexes

Question 25

reticular formation

Answer 25

a network of neurons related to sleep, arousal and attention

Question 26

cerebral cortex

Answer 26

the "new brain" responsible for the most sophisticated processing

Question 27

corpus callosum

Answer 27

bridge of fibres passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

thalamus

Answer 28

relay centre for cortex, handles incoming and outgoing signals, relays information about the senses

Question 29

cerebellum

Answer 29

controls bodily balance

Question 30

medulla

Answer 30

responsible for regulating largely, unconscious functions such as breathing and circulating

Question 31

frontal lobe

Answer 31

- motor area | - planning, executive functions and includes the prefrontal cortex

Question 32

parietal lobe

Answer 32

feel sensations such as pressure warmth and pain

Question 33

temporal lobe

Answer 33

auditory

Question 34

occipital lobe

Answer 34

vision

Question 35

what are the subcortical structures

Answer 35

- thalamus - hypothalamus - limbic system

Question 36

limbic system

Answer 36

- part of brain that controls eating, aggression and reproduction - includes the amygdala (emotions) and the hippocampus (memory)

Question 37

neuroplasticity

Answer 37

process which the brain continuously reorganizes itself through the establishment of new connections

Question 38

neurogenesis

Answer 38

creation of new neurons in certain parts of the brain

Question 39

synaptogenesis

Answer 39

creation of new web of synaptic connections between neurons creating new circuits (learning + reading)

Question 40

left hemisphere

Answer 40

concentrated on speech, reading, thinking and reasoning

Question 41

right hemisphere

Answer 41

concentrated on visual-spatial integration, recognition of patterns and drawings, music and emotional expression

Question 42

what are reflexes

Answer 42

- an automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus | - the spinal cord controls some reflexes, such as knee jerk

Question 43

what are the three types of neurons involved in reflexes?

Answer 43

1- Sensory (afferent) neurons 2- Motor (efferent) neurons 3- Interneurons

Question 44

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 44

brings in information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system

Question 45

motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 45

communicates information from the nervous system to muscles and glands

Question 46

interneurons

Answer 46

connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two

Question 47

somatic nervous system

Answer 47

controls all voluntary control of movements

Question 48

automatic nervous system

Answer 48

controls all involuntary movements of the body (heart, breathing)

Question 49

what systems is the automatic nervous system subdivided into

Answer 49

- sympathetic nervous system | - parasympathetic nervous system

Question 50

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 50

prepares the body to deal with stressful situations and evokes the fight/flight response

Question 51

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 51

acts to calm the body

Question 52

endocrine system

Answer 52

- chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream - controlled and monitored by the hypothalamus via pituitary gland

Question 53

hormones

Answer 53

- chemicals that are produced by the endocrine system and secreted into bloodstream - regulate the functioning or growth of the body

Question 54

what is the central nervous system composed of ?

Answer 54

The brain and spinal cord

Question 55

Who's the researcher responsible for the discovery of neuroplasticity

Answer 55

Dr. Bacchanreada

Question 56

Who came up with the "phantom limb"

Answer 56

Dr Melzack

Question 57

Who experimented the "phantom limb" in documentary

Answer 57

Dr Ramachandran

Question 58

What are face maps

Answer 58

Touching certain areas in the face would make the patients feel their missing limbs -> face and hand arm cortex are next to each other so face cortex took over the hand one

Question 59

mirror box experiment

Answer 59

relieves cramps by thinking the brain into thinking you're actually moving fingers of phantom limb

Question 60

Which correlation coefficient reflects the strongest relationship?

Answer 60

-0.71

Question 61

What does the acronym SQ4R stands for?

Answer 61

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