First test Flashcards
what are the 4 goals of psychology
1- Describe
2- Explain
3- Predict
4- Control/change
what is an inference
emotion or thought
What is trephining
chipping a hole in a patient’s skull -> evil spirits could then escape
Wilhelm Wundt
Established the first experimental laboratory
What are today’s five perspectives
1- Neuroscience 2- Psychodynamic 3- Behavioural 4- Cognitive 5- Humanistic
neuroscience perspective
views behaviour from the perspective of biological functioning
psychodynamic perspective
believes behaviour is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control
behavioural perspective
focuses on observable behaviour
cognitive perspective
examines how people understand and think about the world
humanistic perspective
contends that people can control their behaviour and that they naturally try to reach full potential
what are epigenetics
when your DNA is changed caused by some kind of trauma, which is carried towards their children
what are excitatory messages
a chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neutron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon
dendrites
receive messages from other neurons
axon
- the neuron’s information highway
- he carries messages destined for other cells
- generally longest part of neuron
myelin sheath
contains glial cells that wrap themselves around the axon, providing a protective coating and increasing the velocity of the electrical message
terminal buttons
- where the axons terminate at
- where synaptic transmission between neutrons or a tissue occurs
hindbrain
- AKA the reptilian brain
- part of the brain which controls basic functionings (eating and sleeping) and is common to all vertebrates
- major components: the medulla, pons, the cerebellum
midbrain
- small region that connects the hindbrain to the forebrain
- major components: the reticular formation
what are the major structures of the brain
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- pons
- reticular formation
- spinal cord
- cerebral cortex
- corpus callosum
- thalamus
- cerebellum
- medulla
what are the four lobes
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
hypothalamus
responsible for regulating basic biological needs:hunger, thirst, temperature control
pituitary gland
- “master gland”
- secretes hormones that control growth and other parts pf encoring system
- major component of endocrine system
pons
involved in sleep and arousal
spinal cord
responsible for communication between brain and rest of body: involved with simple reflexes
reticular formation
a network of neurons related to sleep, arousal and attention
cerebral cortex
the “new brain” responsible for the most sophisticated processing
corpus callosum
bridge of fibres passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres
thalamus
relay centre for cortex, handles incoming and outgoing signals, relays information about the senses
cerebellum
controls bodily balance
medulla
responsible for regulating largely, unconscious functions such as breathing and circulating
frontal lobe
- motor area
- planning, executive functions and includes the prefrontal cortex
parietal lobe
feel sensations such as pressure warmth and pain
temporal lobe
auditory
occipital lobe
vision
what are the subcortical structures
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
limbic system
- part of brain that controls eating, aggression and reproduction
- includes the amygdala (emotions) and the hippocampus (memory)
neuroplasticity
process which the brain continuously reorganizes itself through the establishment of new connections
neurogenesis
creation of new neurons in certain parts of the brain
synaptogenesis
creation of new web of synaptic connections between neurons creating new circuits (learning + reading)
left hemisphere
concentrated on speech, reading, thinking and reasoning
right hemisphere
concentrated on visual-spatial integration, recognition of patterns and drawings, music and emotional expression
what are reflexes
- an automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus
- the spinal cord controls some reflexes, such as knee jerk
what are the three types of neurons involved in reflexes?
1- Sensory (afferent) neurons
2- Motor (efferent) neurons
3- Interneurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
brings in information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system
motor (efferent) neurons
communicates information from the nervous system to muscles and glands
interneurons
connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two
somatic nervous system
controls all voluntary control of movements
automatic nervous system
controls all involuntary movements of the body (heart, breathing)
what systems is the automatic nervous system subdivided into
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body to deal with stressful situations and evokes the fight/flight response
parasympathetic nervous system
acts to calm the body
endocrine system
- chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream
- controlled and monitored by the hypothalamus via pituitary gland
hormones
- chemicals that are produced by the endocrine system and secreted into bloodstream
- regulate the functioning or growth of the body
what is the central nervous system composed of ?
The brain and spinal cord
Who’s the researcher responsible for the discovery of neuroplasticity
Dr. Bacchanreada
Who came up with the “phantom limb”
Dr Melzack
Who experimented the “phantom limb” in documentary
Dr Ramachandran
What are face maps
Touching certain areas in the face would make the patients feel their missing limbs -> face and hand arm cortex are next to each other so face cortex took over the hand one
mirror box experiment
relieves cramps by thinking the brain into thinking you’re actually moving fingers of phantom limb
Which correlation coefficient reflects the strongest relationship?
-0.71
What does the acronym SQ4R stands for?
survey, question, read, recite, review, write
