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General Psychology > Final test > Flashcards

Final test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behaviour, either toward a goal or away from an undesirable situation.

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2
Q

What are the biological theories of motivation?

A
  1. Instinct
  2. Drive-Reduction
  3. Arousal
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3
Q

What is the instinct?

A

Inborn, unlearned behaviours universal to species explain motivation

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4
Q

What is drive-reduction?

A

Internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs

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5
Q

What is arousal?

A

Motivated toward optimal level of arousal

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6
Q

What are the instincts for animals

A

instinct propels bears to hibernate, birds to build nests or to fly south in winter

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7
Q

What are the instincts for humans

A

Sociobiologists such as Edward O. Wilson believe that humans developed and pass on adaptive instincts such as aggression and competition

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8
Q

Characteristics of the drive-reduction theory

A
  • This theory began to replace the theory of instincts in the 1930s
  • Drive-Reduction theory uses the concept of homeostasis
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9
Q

Characteristics of the Arousal theory

A
  • People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance
  • Our need for stimulation influences behaviour efficiency
  • ex: we perform best when we are neither too stimulated (anxious) nor too relaxed (can’t be bothered)
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10
Q

What is incentive

A

Motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli. Ex: If we desire something then we are pulled toward it

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11
Q

What is cognitive

A

Motivation affected by attributions and expectations

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12
Q

Biological factors of the hunger and eating motivated behaviours

A
  • Stomach
  • Biochemistry
  • Brain
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13
Q

Psychological factors of the hunger and eating motivated behaviours

A
  • Visual cues

- Cultural conditioning

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14
Q

What are the different eating disorders?

A
  • Obesity
  • Anorexia Nervosa
  • Bulimia Nervosa
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15
Q

Main characteristic and explanation of eating disorders

A

An overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychological factors

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16
Q

What is obesity

A

appears to result from numerous biological and psychological factors

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17
Q

What is anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by a pathological drive to be thin and severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation

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18
Q

What is bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by extreme exercise, vomiting, or laxative use (purging)

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of a high need for acheivement

A
  • Preferring moderately difficult tasks
  • Competitive
  • Preferring to clear goals with competent feedback
  • Preferring responsibility
  • Persistant
  • More accomplished
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20
Q

Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

A

extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation

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21
Q

What is emotion?

A

subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions and expressions

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22
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A
  1. Psychological
  2. Cognitive
  3. Behavioural
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23
Q

What is the psychological component of emotion?

A

arousal comes from the brain (particularly the limbic system) and automatic nervous system (ANS)

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24
Q

What is the cognitive component of emotion?

A

thoughts, values and expectations

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25
Q

What is the behavioural component of emotion?

A

expressions, gestures and body positions

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26
Q

What are the 4 theories of emotion

A
  • James-Lange
  • Cannon-bard
  • Facial-feedback
  • Schachter’s Two-factor
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27
Q

James-lange theory

A

emotions occur after arousal

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28
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

arousal and emotion occur simultaneously

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29
Q

Facial-feedback theory

A

facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions

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30
Q

Schachter’s Two-factor theory

A

arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs

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31
Q

What are the cultural similarities and differences in emotions

A

7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions

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32
Q

What its the role of evolution in emotions?

A

Strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding

33
Q

What is the polygraph

A

Measures changes in emotional arousal which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness

34
Q

What is social psychology?

A

study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings and actions

35
Q

What is attribution

A

explanation for the cause of behaviours or events

36
Q

What is dispositional attribution?

A

behaviour stems from an internal cause, such as personal characteristics

37
Q

What is situational attribution?

A

behaviour stems from an external cause, such as situational demands

38
Q

What are the two major attribution errors?

A
  1. Fundamental attribution error

2. Self-serving bias

39
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

misjudging the causes of others’ behaviour as due to dispositional causes rather than situational ones.

40
Q

What does the saliency bias do?

A

It explains our focus on dispositional causes of one’s behavior

41
Q

What is the self-serving bias

A

taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures

42
Q

What is attitude?

A

learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviourally to a particular object

43
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

a feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior or between two attitudes

44
Q

What was Festinger and Carlsmith’s Cognitive dissonance study?

A
  • Students were given very boring tasks to complete, and then were paid either 1$ or 20$ to tell next participant that the task was “very enjoyable” and “fun”
  • Students who got paid 1$ felt more cognitive dissonance, and therefore changed their attitude about the boring tasks
45
Q

What is prejudice?

A

learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group.

46
Q

What are the three components of prejudice?

A
  1. Cognitions (stereotypes)
  2. Feelings
  3. Behavioural tendencies (discrimination)
47
Q

What are cognitions?

A

a set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group generalized to all group members

48
Q

What are the 4 major sources of prejudices?

A
  1. Learned response
  2. Mental shortcut (outgroup homogeneity effect)
  3. Economic and political competition
  4. Displaced aggression
49
Q

What is outgroup homogeneity effect?

A

judging members of an outgroup as more alike and less diverse than members of the ingroup

50
Q

What is interpersonal attraction?

A

positive feelings toward another

51
Q

What are the 3 key factors to the interpersonal attraction?

A
  • Physical awareness
  • Proximity (geographic closeness)
  • Similarity (need complementary vs new compatibility)
52
Q

What is liking?

A

favorable evaluation of another

53
Q

What is love?

A

defined in terms of caring, attachment, and intimacy

54
Q

What is romantic love?

A

Erotic attraction with future expectations

55
Q

What is companionate love?

A

Lasting attraction based on trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship

56
Q

What is conformity?

A

Changing behaviour because of real or imagined group pressure

57
Q

What is obedience?

A

following direct commands, usually from an authority figure

58
Q

What was Asch’s conformity study?

A
  • Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to X
  • When confederates, gave obviously wrong answers (a or c), more than 1/3 of the participants conformed and agreed with the others’ incorrect choices
59
Q

What are the reasons for conformity?

A
  • Normative social influence
  • Informational social influence
  • Reference groups
60
Q

What is Normative social influence?

A

conforming out of a need for acceptance and approval

61
Q

What is Informational social influence?

A

conforming out of a need for direction

62
Q

What is Reference groups?

A

people we conform to we like them and want to be like them

63
Q

What was Milgram’s obedience study?

A
  • Participants served as “teachers” in a supposed study of the effects of punishment on memory and learning
  • 65% of participants delivered the highest level of shock (450 volts) to the “learner”
64
Q

What are the factors influencing obedience?

A
  • Legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure
  • Remoteness of the victim
  • Assignment of responsibility
  • Modeling and imitation
65
Q

What is group membership?

A
  • Involves playing one or more roles

- May also involve deindividuation

66
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

feeling less self-conscious, less inhibited, and less personally responsible as a member of a group than when alone

67
Q

What was Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison study?

A
  • students were randomly assigned as either “prisoners” or “guards”
  • original study was to last for 2 weeks, but it was terminated in 6 days because of alarming psychological changes in both the “prisoners” and “guards”
68
Q

What are the two components of group decision making?

A
  1. Group polarization

2. Groupthink

69
Q

What is group polarization?

A

group movement toward either a riskier or more conservative behaviour depending on the members’ initial dominant tendency

70
Q

What is groupthink?

A

faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids inconsistent information

71
Q

What are symptoms of groupthink?

A
  • Illusion of invulnerability
  • Belief in the morality of the group
  • Collective rationalizations
  • Stereotypes of outgroups
  • Self-censorships
  • Illusion of unanimity
  • Direct pressure on dissenters
72
Q

What is aggression?

A

any behavior intended to harm someone

73
Q

What are the biological factors of aggression?

A
  • instincts
  • genes
  • brain and nervous system
  • hormones and neurotransmitters
  • substance abuse
  • other mental disorders
74
Q

What are the psychosocial factors of aggression?

A
  • aversive stimuli
  • culture and learning
  • media and video games
75
Q

How to control or eliminate aggression?

A
  • Introduce incompatible responses

- Improve social and communication skills

76
Q

What is altruism?

A

actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper

77
Q

Why don’t we help?

A

diffusion of personality -> assuming someone else will take care of it

78
Q

How can we increase helping?

A
  • reduce ambiguity of the situation

- increase social rewards

General Psychology (3 decks)

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