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psychology 201 > first test > Flashcards

first test Flashcards

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1
Q

How did psychology originated

A

it came from the greek words for soul and the study of

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2
Q

How did the definition of psych change?

A

19th; science of mental life
20th; the scientific study of behavior
after 1960: the scientific study of behavior and mental process
recently: the study of behavior, mental processes, and the physiological process underlying them.

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3
Q

psychoanalytical

A

DEFINE:you are driven by your unconscious desires and drives ( pleasure and anger/ aggression.

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4
Q

Behaviorism

A

DEFINE:behaviors are learned only through through positive and negative reinforcements.
FOCUS: overt behaviors are all that matter. strict scientific control of all experiments

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5
Q

cognitive

A

TENET: The modern study of cognition rests on the premise that the brain can be understood as a complex computing system.

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6
Q

plato

A

said that you are born with most of what you need to know

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7
Q

aristotle

A

we are born blank

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8
Q

francis bacon

A

suggest that applied scientific methods should be used to study any and all subjects possible, including the mind.

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9
Q

Jean Pierre Flourens

A
  • first localized brain function discovery.

- noticed specific brain damage in animals led to lack of movemtent

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10
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz

A

invented reaction times to measurements

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11
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

founded one of the first fields of psychological studies that was centered more on science and not the mind specifically, psychophysics

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12
Q

Francis Galton

A
  • Believed Evolution was responsible for human individual differences
  • Founded the school of Differential Psychology
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13
Q

James McKeen Cattell

A

-Introduced Differential Psychology to America

Developed first “mental test”, used to measure auditory, visual, and physical skills

First pure psychology professor in the world

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14
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • Father of modern psychology.

- Founded the first working psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (1875).

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15
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A
  • Mother of modern psychology
  • Completed her studies at Harvard, but was not given a PhD because she was female
  • First female psychology professor at any school
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16
Q

sigmund Freud

A

Neurologist

Based his theories on therapeutic case studies

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17
Q

James b watson

A
  • Believed strongly in only attempting to study behavior and observable fact
  • Nurture was everything when it came to individuals
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18
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Skinner considered free will an illusion and human action dependent on consequences of previous actions

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19
Q

clinical

A

work with people who have mental disorders

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20
Q

counseling

A

work with people experiencing temporary problems marital or family death or a police officer who had to shoot a person

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21
Q

school

A

assess and develop intervention programs

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22
Q

Developmental

A

Study why and how people change over time.

works with infants and children.

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23
Q

experimental

A

use sophisticated research methods to study all areas of human behavior.

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24
Q

Biopsychologists

A

examine phsyiological bases of behavior

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25
Q

forensic

A

use psychology in connection with the legal system: child custody, competency, risk assessments, commitment evaluation.

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26
Q

Biopsychologists

A

examine physiological bases of behavior.

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27
Q

industrial

A

use psychology to evaluate business and industry practices

28
Q

sports psychology

A

use psychology to evaluate human performance in athletics.

29
Q

seven unifying themes of psychology

A
  1. Psychology is empirical: based on observation.
  2. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
  3. Sociohistorical context impacts theory and practice
  4. Psychology is determined by multiple causes.
  5. Psychology is shaped by cultural heritage.
  6. Psychology is the interaction of heredity and environment.
  7. Experiences are subjective.
30
Q

What are the different ways to conduct a study.

A

naturalistic observation
case study
surveys
correlation research

31
Q

case study

A

extremely thorough study of a single person.

pro: easy, complete
con: only one subject, tends to be an exception to the rule no causeation

32
Q

surveys

A

Set of questions on a particular topic given to a sample.

pro: easy inexpensive
negative: question wording sample population, hard to quantify

33
Q

correlation research

A

A study that tries to show the connection between 2 variables.

34
Q

what is correlation

A

it is a how you communicate how closely link two things are. measured with r from 0 to 1

35
Q

positive correlation

A

the two variables rise and fall together.

36
Q

negative correlation

A

the two variables move inversely

37
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated thing

38
Q

Dependent variable

A

held constant

39
Q

confounding variable

A

variable that impacts the outcome of the experiment.

40
Q

what should you ask of every study?

A
  • Who carried out the study (who is making the claim)?
  • Who funded the study (follow the money)?
  • Is the study scientifically sound (or is it bias)?
  • Are the statistics factually reported?
  • How large is the “fudge factor”?
  • What other explanations could there be?
41
Q

What is the division of the nervous system

A

central nervous system peripheral nervous systerm

42
Q

reptilian brain

A

keeps you alive

43
Q

mid-brain

A

deals with emotion basic thought basic movemebt

44
Q

fore brain

A

most advanced part of the brain deals with advanced thought and movements

45
Q

what is lesson study

A

observe a damaged part of the brain see what happens. that leads us to understand what part of the brain does what

46
Q

EEG

A

caps that reads electrical activity in the brain. more activity equates to activation of that part of the brain.

47
Q

PET

A

injects radioactive glucose into the brain and watches where it goes high glucose areas indicates activation of that area.

48
Q

CT

A

Takes a 2 dimensional scan of the brain. areas with a lot of blood will show up differently.

49
Q

MRI

A

magnetic forces used to a create a 2d picture of the the brain by looking at how the brain’s materials react to magnetic forces

50
Q

fMRI

A

measures function in areas with real time mesurment

51
Q

which side controls the left side and right side of the body

A

left brain controls the right part of the brain and the right part of the brain controls the left section of the body.

52
Q

what are the parts of the central nervous system

A

brain spinal cord

53
Q

what are the parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic; conscience movement
autonomic; automatic movements heart breath stomach.
also sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic which controls sleep and recuperation

54
Q

what is axon potential?

A

transmission of an electrical impulse down the axon

55
Q

what are the steps of neuronal communication through the body?

A

1 – Axon impulse reaches “terminal button”
2 – Neurotransmitter dumped into synapse
3 – Dendrites read neurotransmitter (on receptor site)
4 – Triggers Excitation in second Neuron, if threshold met, Neuron fires

56
Q

what are the two types of chemical within the body?

A

agonist: chemicals that mimic or increase the action of a neurotransmitter
antagonist: chemicals that oppose or decrease the action of a neurotransmitter

57
Q

what are the types of neurons?

A

Sensory Neurons – sense the environment - take information to the CNS
Motor Neurons – Communicate from the CNS to the muscles
Glial Cells – Janitor of the Nervous system
Support, protect, guide neurons
Create myelin sheath (covered later)

58
Q

what are the parts of the neuron?

A

Dendrites – receive communication
Soma – Cell Body (contains nucleus)
Axon Hillock – Base of Soma, controls axonal firing
Axon – Long single fiber that conducts messages to other neurons, muscle, or glands
Myelin Sheath– Fatty tissue that covers axons
Synapse – Space between Neurons where communication takes place

59
Q

what do the parts of the brain do?

A

Frontal – Higher planning (last to evolve)
Temporal – Hearing
Parietal – Somatosensory (senses)
Occipital - Vision

60
Q

motor cortex

A

Part of Frontal Lobe

Controls planned movement

61
Q

sensory cortex

A

Part of Parietal Lobe

Processes skin sensations

62
Q

visual cortex

A

Occipital Lobe

Protected inside one of the larger fissures

63
Q

auditory cotex

A

Temporal Lobe

64
Q

Broca’s Area

A

responsible for speech production

frontal left lobe

65
Q

wenike’s area

A

responsible for speech comprehension

frontal left lobe.

psychology 201 (2 decks)

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