first test Flashcards
How did psychology originated
it came from the greek words for soul and the study of
How did the definition of psych change?
19th; science of mental life
20th; the scientific study of behavior
after 1960: the scientific study of behavior and mental process
recently: the study of behavior, mental processes, and the physiological process underlying them.
psychoanalytical
DEFINE:you are driven by your unconscious desires and drives ( pleasure and anger/ aggression.
Behaviorism
DEFINE:behaviors are learned only through through positive and negative reinforcements.
FOCUS: overt behaviors are all that matter. strict scientific control of all experiments
cognitive
TENET: The modern study of cognition rests on the premise that the brain can be understood as a complex computing system.
plato
said that you are born with most of what you need to know
aristotle
we are born blank
francis bacon
suggest that applied scientific methods should be used to study any and all subjects possible, including the mind.
Jean Pierre Flourens
- first localized brain function discovery.
- noticed specific brain damage in animals led to lack of movemtent
Hermann Von Helmholtz
invented reaction times to measurements
Gustav Fechner
founded one of the first fields of psychological studies that was centered more on science and not the mind specifically, psychophysics
Francis Galton
- Believed Evolution was responsible for human individual differences
- Founded the school of Differential Psychology
James McKeen Cattell
-Introduced Differential Psychology to America
Developed first “mental test”, used to measure auditory, visual, and physical skills
First pure psychology professor in the world
Wilhelm Wundt
- Father of modern psychology.
- Founded the first working psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (1875).
Mary Whiton Calkins
- Mother of modern psychology
- Completed her studies at Harvard, but was not given a PhD because she was female
- First female psychology professor at any school
sigmund Freud
Neurologist
Based his theories on therapeutic case studies
James b watson
- Believed strongly in only attempting to study behavior and observable fact
- Nurture was everything when it came to individuals
B. F. Skinner
Skinner considered free will an illusion and human action dependent on consequences of previous actions
clinical
work with people who have mental disorders
counseling
work with people experiencing temporary problems marital or family death or a police officer who had to shoot a person
school
assess and develop intervention programs
Developmental
Study why and how people change over time.
works with infants and children.
experimental
use sophisticated research methods to study all areas of human behavior.
Biopsychologists
examine phsyiological bases of behavior
forensic
use psychology in connection with the legal system: child custody, competency, risk assessments, commitment evaluation.
Biopsychologists
examine physiological bases of behavior.
industrial
use psychology to evaluate business and industry practices
sports psychology
use psychology to evaluate human performance in athletics.
seven unifying themes of psychology
- Psychology is empirical: based on observation.
- Psychology is theoretically diverse.
- Sociohistorical context impacts theory and practice
- Psychology is determined by multiple causes.
- Psychology is shaped by cultural heritage.
- Psychology is the interaction of heredity and environment.
- Experiences are subjective.
What are the different ways to conduct a study.
naturalistic observation
case study
surveys
correlation research
case study
extremely thorough study of a single person.
pro: easy, complete
con: only one subject, tends to be an exception to the rule no causeation
surveys
Set of questions on a particular topic given to a sample.
pro: easy inexpensive
negative: question wording sample population, hard to quantify
correlation research
A study that tries to show the connection between 2 variables.
what is correlation
it is a how you communicate how closely link two things are. measured with r from 0 to 1
positive correlation
the two variables rise and fall together.
negative correlation
the two variables move inversely
independent variable
manipulated thing
Dependent variable
held constant
confounding variable
variable that impacts the outcome of the experiment.
what should you ask of every study?
- Who carried out the study (who is making the claim)?
- Who funded the study (follow the money)?
- Is the study scientifically sound (or is it bias)?
- Are the statistics factually reported?
- How large is the “fudge factor”?
- What other explanations could there be?
What is the division of the nervous system
central nervous system peripheral nervous systerm
reptilian brain
keeps you alive
mid-brain
deals with emotion basic thought basic movemebt
fore brain
most advanced part of the brain deals with advanced thought and movements
what is lesson study
observe a damaged part of the brain see what happens. that leads us to understand what part of the brain does what
EEG
caps that reads electrical activity in the brain. more activity equates to activation of that part of the brain.
PET
injects radioactive glucose into the brain and watches where it goes high glucose areas indicates activation of that area.
CT
Takes a 2 dimensional scan of the brain. areas with a lot of blood will show up differently.
MRI
magnetic forces used to a create a 2d picture of the the brain by looking at how the brain’s materials react to magnetic forces
fMRI
measures function in areas with real time mesurment
which side controls the left side and right side of the body
left brain controls the right part of the brain and the right part of the brain controls the left section of the body.
what are the parts of the central nervous system
brain spinal cord
what are the parts of the peripheral nervous system
somatic; conscience movement
autonomic; automatic movements heart breath stomach.
also sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic which controls sleep and recuperation
what is axon potential?
transmission of an electrical impulse down the axon
what are the steps of neuronal communication through the body?
1 – Axon impulse reaches “terminal button”
2 – Neurotransmitter dumped into synapse
3 – Dendrites read neurotransmitter (on receptor site)
4 – Triggers Excitation in second Neuron, if threshold met, Neuron fires
what are the two types of chemical within the body?
agonist: chemicals that mimic or increase the action of a neurotransmitter
antagonist: chemicals that oppose or decrease the action of a neurotransmitter
what are the types of neurons?
Sensory Neurons – sense the environment - take information to the CNS
Motor Neurons – Communicate from the CNS to the muscles
Glial Cells – Janitor of the Nervous system
Support, protect, guide neurons
Create myelin sheath (covered later)
what are the parts of the neuron?
Dendrites – receive communication
Soma – Cell Body (contains nucleus)
Axon Hillock – Base of Soma, controls axonal firing
Axon – Long single fiber that conducts messages to other neurons, muscle, or glands
Myelin Sheath– Fatty tissue that covers axons
Synapse – Space between Neurons where communication takes place
what do the parts of the brain do?
Frontal – Higher planning (last to evolve)
Temporal – Hearing
Parietal – Somatosensory (senses)
Occipital - Vision
motor cortex
Part of Frontal Lobe
Controls planned movement
sensory cortex
Part of Parietal Lobe
Processes skin sensations
visual cortex
Occipital Lobe
Protected inside one of the larger fissures
auditory cotex
Temporal Lobe
Broca’s Area
responsible for speech production
frontal left lobe
wenike’s area
responsible for speech comprehension
frontal left lobe.
