first test

Question 1

arguments for nature over nurture (3)

Answer 1

• Caesare Lombroso: a tendency to be criminal is innate, possible to identify criminals by physical defects
• Hans Eyseneck: intelligence is inherited
• The Nazis: certain races are ‘genetically inferior’

Question 2

biological determinism

Answer 2

behaviour is shaped by natural instincts, proven by human need for self preservation, reproduction, maternal instincts

Question 3

arguments against biological determinism

Answer 3

people kill themselves, people are gay/asexual, some women don’t have children and some children are abused

Question 4

social determinism

Answer 4

human behaviour is learned from role models; friends, parents, religion, schooling.

Question 5

arguments for nurture over nature (3)

Answer 5

• Margaret Mead: male and female role models completely different in tribal societies in New Guinea; men involved in childcare and gentle, women aggressive and little interest in children.
• Simone de Beauvior: feminine behaviour is not innate; it is learned through childhood as what is expected of women.
• Albert Bandura: bobo doll experiment showed children were likely to exhibit violence if they saw violence from an adult, boys more so than girls.

Question 6

culture definition

Answer 6

the learned, shared behaviour in society passed from generation to generation.

Question 7

things that change from culture to culture (6)

Answer 7

food, religion, holidays, clothing, music, rituals/social norms

Question 8

norms definition

Answer 8

unwritten, agreed upon rules of society. may be informal or formal (laws)

Question 9

examples of norms changing

Answer 9

traditional gender roles, views on homosexuality

Question 10

why are norms important

Answer 10

provide order and predictability in society. society would collapse without norms.

Question 11

values definition

Answer 11

a widely held belief that something is important and worthwhile.

Question 12

british values

Answer 12

romantic love, democracy, meritocracy

Question 13

sanctions definition

Answer 13

‘social control’ to force conformity; can be formal (fines, prison) or informal (telling off from parents/peers)

Question 14

reason why sanctions are important

Answer 14

deterrent for others to make sure they conform, establishes punishment/reward mindset

Question 15

subculture definition/examples

Answer 15

culture within a culture; emo, goth, catholic, protestant

Question 16

socialisation definition

Answer 16

internalising a culture and learning all the things that are necessary for us to be accepted as a member of society, from a very young age.

Question 17

primary socialisation definition

Answer 17

takes place in early years of life, learned from family mainly

Question 18

secondary socialisation definition

Answer 18

takes place in wider society; e.g: school, friends, religion, mass media

Question 19

theory to do with socialisation

Answer 19

Sue Palmer:
- parents use secondary sources of socialisation instead of primary as alternatives to parenting
- this leads to the kids being deprived of a traditional childhood and family life
- kids then grow up to be antisocial and less able to learn, enjoy life, or thrive socially.