First set of vocabulary terms

Question 1

Agrarian Societies

Answer 1

Societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence

Question 2

Alienation

Answer 2

A term used by Marx ti refer to the modern plight in which people are estrangement from themselves, from the work the produce, and from one another

Question 3

Anomie

Answer 3

A breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or society; a condition of relative normlessness

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

The merging of minority and majority groups into one group with a common culture and identity

Question 5

Capitalism

Answer 5

A form of economic organization in which private individuals accumulate and invest capital, own the means of productions, and control profits

Question 6

Class Conflict

Answer 6

The struggle between competing classes, specifically between the class that owns the means of production and the class or classes that do not

Question 7

Class consciousness

Answer 7

The sense of common class position and shared interests held by members of a social class

Question 8

Conflict Approach

Answer 8

One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology; emphasized the importance of unequal power and conflict based in society-> Conflict can be a good thing, it leads to change

Question 9

Weberian conflict approach

Answer 9

stresses inequality and conflict based on class, status, and power

Question 10

Marxist conflict approach

Answer 10

stresses conflict and inequality based on ownership of the means of production

Question 11

Content Analysis

Answer 11

A research method used to describe and analyze in an objective and systematic way, the content of: literature, speeches, or other media. This method helps to identify cultural themes or trends

Question 12

Correlation

Answer 12

An observed association between a change in the value of one variable and a change in the value of another variable

Question 13

Counterculture

Answer 13

​A subculture whose norms and values sharply contradict the dominant norms and values of the society in which it occurs.

Question 14

Cultural Relativism

Answer 14

The view that the customs and ideas of a society must be viewed within the context of that society.

Question 15

Culture lag

Answer 15

The time difference between the introduction of material innovations and resulting changes in cultural practices.

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

The common beliefs, norms, and values shared by a group of people. Culture can be further divided into ​Material Culture, Symbolic Culture, and Language​

Question 17

Differentiation, functional

Answer 17

The division of labor or of social roles within a society or an organization.

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

​The spread of inventions and discoveries from one group or culture to another on a voluntary basis; a source of cultural change.

Question 19

Division of labour

Answer 19

The assignment of specialized tasks to various members of a group, organization, community, or society (specialization)

Question 20

Double Consciousness

Answer 20

The sense of “two-ness” among African Americans of being both Americans and being black

Question 21

Dysfunction

Answer 21

Any consequence of a social system that disturbs or hinders the integration, adjustment, or stability of the system

Question 22

Equilibrium

Answer 22

​In functionalist theory, the view that the parts of a society fit together into a balanced whole.

Question 23

Ethnocentrism

Answer 23

The tendency to see one’s own culture as superior to all others.

Question 24

Ethnography

Answer 24

A detailed study based on actual observation of the way of life of a human group or society.

Question 25

Ethnomethodology

Answer 25

The study of the methods used by individuals to communicate and make sense of their everyday lives as members of society. Many ethnomethodologists focus on the study of language and everyday conversation

Question 26

Evolutionary Theories

Answer 26

Theories of social change that see societies as evolving from simpler forms to more complex ones.

Question 27

Hunting and Gathering Societies

Answer 27

​Societies that obtain food by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering fruits, nuts, and grains. These societies do not plant crops or have domesticated animals.

Question 28

Ideology

Answer 28

​A system of ideas that reflects, rationalizes, and defends the interests of those who believe in it.

Question 29

Individualism

Answer 29

​A belief in individual rights and responsibilities

Question 30

Industrialism

Answer 30

The shift within a nation’s economy from a primarily agricultural base to a manufacturing base.

Question 31

Instinct

Answer 31

A genetically determined behavior triggered by specific conditions or events.

Question 32

Kinship

Answer 32

Socially defined family relationships, including those based on common parentage, marriage, or adoption.

Question 33

Macro Level

Answer 33

An analysis of societies that focuses on large-scale institutions, structures, and processes.

Question 34

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 34

Cohesion among a group of people from earlier societies in which people live in smaller groups and are not very specialized

Question 35

Medicalization

Answer 35

The rising power of the medical institution, and the growing number of human experiences that are now attached to a medical label or diagnosis.

Question 36

Methodology

Answer 36

The rules, principles, and practices that guide the collection of evidence and the conclusions drawn from it

Question 37

Micro Level

Answer 37

An analysis of societies that focuses on small-scale process, such as how individuals interact and how they attach meanings to the social actions of others.

Question 38

Modernization

Answer 38

The economic and social transformation that occurs when a traditional agricultural society becomes highly industrialized.

Question 39

Norm

Answer 39

A shared rule about acceptable or unacceptable social behavior.

Question 40

Organic Solidarity

Answer 40

Cohesion among post-industrial groups in which people are held together based on their specialized knowledge.

Question 41

Participant Observation

Answer 41

A research method in which the researcher does observation while taking part in the activities of the social group being studied

Question 42

Pastoral Societies

Answer 42

Societies in which the raising and herding of animals such as sheep, goats, and cows is the primary means of subsistence.

Question 43

Physician Role

Answer 43

Expectations about the way doctors are supposed to interact with patients and conduct their practice

Question 44

Postindustrial Society

Answer 44

A term used by Daniel Bell to refer to societies organized around knowledge and planning rather than around industrial production.

Question 45

Public Sociology

Answer 45

Addresses a wide range of audiences, most of which are outside the academy… collaborate with many groups to improve social situations.

Question 46

Rationalization

Answer 46

The process of subjecting social processes to calculation, efficiency, cost-benefit analyses, and administration

Question 47

Revolutionary Movement

Answer 47

A type of social movement whose aim is to reorganize existing society completely.

Question 48

Ruling Class

Answer 48

​A small class that controls the means of economic production and dominates political decisions.

Question 49

Sick Role

Answer 49

Expectations about how sick people are supposed to act.

Question 50

Social Construct of Reality

Answer 50

The process of socially creating definitions of situations so that they appear to be natural.

Question 51

Social Psychology

Answer 51

The scientific study of how individual behavior is socially influenced

Question 52

Socialist Societies

Answer 52

​Societies in which productive resources are owned and controlled by the state rather than by individuals.

Question 53

Society

Answer 53

A group of people with a shared and somewhat distinct culture who live in a defined territory, feel some unity as a group, and see themselves as distinct from other peoples

Question 54

Sociological imagination

Answer 54

The ability to look at the social world and see how an individual’s biography intersects with larger social trends; to think about things differently and question elements about our everyday routines.

Question 55

Sociological Perspective

Answer 55

​Observing the larger social patterns, trends, and prevalence of any given social experience or phenomenon; a bird’s eye view of a situation.

Question 56

Sociology

Answer 56

The study and analysis of patterned social relationships in modern societies.

Question 57

Structural-functional perspective

Answer 57

One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology, developed by Talcott Parsons: focuses on how the various parts of society fit together or adjust to maintain the equilibrium of the whole.

Question 58

Subculture

Answer 58

A distinguishable group that shares a number of features with the dominant culture within which it exists while also having unique features such as language, customs, or values.

Question 59

Symbol

Answer 59

Any object or sign that evokes a shared social response.

Question 60

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 60

​An interpretive perspective, inspired by the work of George Herbert Mead, saying that individuals learn meanings through interaction with others and then organize their lives around these socially created meanings.

Question 61

Theory

Answer 61

A system of orienting ideas, concepts, and relationships that provides a way of organizing the observable world through describing, explaining, and predicting.

Question 62

Values

Answer 62

Strongly held general ideas that people share about what is good and bad, desirable or undesirable; values provide yardsticks for judging specific acts and goals