First & Second Form Drill Questions Flashcards
Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are soft before…
e
i
ae
oe
Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are hard before…
a
o
u
consonants
In Latin and English, hard c has the sound of…
k
In Latin soft c has the sound of…
ch
In Latin gn is pronounced like…
give 2 examples…
ny
pugno
magnus
Give the names, from left to right, of the last 3 syllable of a Latin word…
antepenult
penult
ultima
The accent is on the ________ unless the _________ is marked.
penult
antepenult
Verb families are called….
conjugation
How many conjugations are there?
4
(named first, second, third and fourth)
What are the 6 attributes of a Latin verb?
conjugation
person
number
tense
voice
mood
What are the 3 grammar persons?
first person
second person
third person
What are the 2 grammar numbers?
singular
plural
How may Latin tenses are there?
Name them.
6
present, imperfect, future,
perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
What is the stem vowel of the 1st Conjugation?
a
What are the names of the 3 forms of the English present tense?
Give examples.
simple - I praise
progressive - I am praising
emphatic - I do praise
In Latin imperfect means…
not finished
The imperfect tense sign is…
ba
The imperfect tense is used to describe an…
ongoing,
repeated,
habitual,
or interrupted
past action
What English helping verbs translate the imperfect tense?
was
were
(can also be translated “used to”)
What are the 2 basic parts of a sentence?
subject
predicate
The subject is…
who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells…
what the subject is or does
What is Sentence Pattern 1?
subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
shall (in first person)
will
What are the 3 tenses that make up the Present System?
present
imperfect
future
What is the Present System built on?
the present stem
What are principal parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses.
There are usually 4.
What is the name of the 2nd principal part?
infinitive
What is the infinitive ending for all 1st conjugation verbs?
are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop “re” from the infinitive
The Latin infinitive is translated with what English particle before the verb?
to
The ‘to be’ verb shows _________________not ______________.
existence
action
What are the English forms of the ‘to be’ verb?
am, is, are
was, were
be, been, being
What are the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs?
o
are
avi
atus
What is Sentence Pattern 2?
subject + verb + direct object
Something that completes the action of a verb is a…
complement
In Latin grammar perfect means…
finished
What kind of action does the perfect tense describe?
a one-time action
completed in the past
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop ‘i’ from the 3rd principal part
What are 3 translations for vocavi?
I called.
I have called.
I did call.
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
have
has
did
What kind of action does the pluperfect tense describe?
a past action completed prior to another past action
(a past past action)
What English helping verb translates the pluperfect tense?
had
The pluperfect tense endings are identical to…
the imperfect tense of sum
What kind of action does the future perfect tense describe?
an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future
(a future past action)
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
will have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to __________ except for _____________.
the future tense of sum
3rd person plural
What are the tenses of the Perfect System and what are they built on?
perfect
pluperfect
future perfect
they are built on the perfect stem
What are noun families called?
declensions
How many declensions are there and what are they called?
5
(they are called 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th)
What are the 4 attributes of nouns?
declension
gender
number
case
What are the 3 genders?
masculine
feminine
neuter
To what does the case of a noun refer?
the job of the noun in a sentence
What are the cases?
nominative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
vocative
What is the job of the nominative case?
subject
What is the job of the genitive case?
show possession
“of”
What is the job of the dative case?
indirect object
(to/for)
What is the job of the accusative case?
direct object
What is the job of the ablative case?
object of a preposition
(in/by/with/from)
1st declension nouns are usually what gender?
List 3 exceptions.
Feminine.
Exceptions are nauta, poeta, agricola.
What English articles are not present in Latin?
a
an
the
What are 3 translations of mensa?
table
a table
the table
What gender are 2nd declension ‘um’ nouns?
neuter
What kinds of endings do verbs have?
tense
personal
What kinds of endings do nouns have?
case
What gender are 2nd declension ‘us’ nouns?
masculine
What determines the declension a noun belongs to?
genitive singular
What takes precedence over all other gender rules?
the natural gender rule
What is the neuter rule?
nominative and accusative endings are the same nominative and accusative plural endings are ‘a’
The subject and verb must agree in…
person
number
What is an adjective?
an adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun
In what ways must an adjective agree with its noun?
gender
number
case
(NOT declension)
What kind of adjective precedes a noun?
What kind of adjective follows a noun?
quantity
quality
What is Sentence Pattern 3?
subject + linking verb + predicate adjective
What is Sentence Pattern 4?
subject + linking verb + predicated nominative
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending
What is the usual word order for an English sentence?
subject - verb - direct object
How many of the 7 basic sentence patterns have complements?
6
What is the usual word order for a Latin sentence?
subject - direct object - verb
What verb is never followed by a direct object?
sum
(the ‘to be’ verb)
What gender are 4th declension nouns usually?
Give 2 common exceptions.
Masculine
exceptions are domus and manus
What gender are 5th declension nouns usually?
Give one common exception.
Feminine
exception is dies
What is the stem vowel of the 2nd conjugation?
long e
What is the infinitive ending for all 2nd conjugation verbs?
ere
What are the regular endings for the principal parts of a 2nd conjugation verb?
eo
ere
ui
itus
Gender Triangle
1st - feminine
2nd - masculine, neuter
3rd - masculine, feminine, neuter
4th - masculine
5th - feminine
What are the 3 nominative singular endings for 2nd declension masculine nouns?
us
er
ir
What do 2nd declension er nouns do with the e in their stems?
either drop or retain it
Give an example of a noun that has only a plural form?
liberi, liberorum
(means children)
What are 4 confusing words with the root of liber?
liberi, liberorum (children)
liber, libri (book)
liber, libera, liberum (free )
libero, -are (to set free)
What kinds of verbs have indirect objects?
Give Latin examples.
giving and telling verbs
examples: do, demonstro, nuntio, narro
What are 2 ways to show an indirect object in English?
The preposition ‘to’ (I gave a nut to Coecoe)
word order - the indirect object precedes the direct object (I gave Coecoe a nut.)
What is Sentence Pattern 5?
Give an example in Latin.
subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
Mary gave a rose to Mark.
Maria Marco rosam dedit.
What are 2 ways to show possession in English?
preposition “of”
apostrophe s
Third declension nouns that have a genitive plural in ‘ium’ are called…
i-stems
What are 2 indications that a noun my be an i-stem?
Give examples.
- same number of syllables in nominative and genitive
example: collis, collis - stem ends in two consonants
example: pons, pontis
What are the 2 types of adjectives in Latin?
1st/2nd declension
3rd declension
What are 3rd declension adjectives related to?
i-stem nouns
What is a pronoun?
a pronoun takes the place of a noun
How many kinds of pronouns are there?
Name them in pairs.
8
personal / possessive
reflexive / intensive
interrogative / relative
demonstrative / indefinite
What is an antecedent?
an antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of
What is the Latin word for ‘we’ and for ‘us’?
nos
How do you write cum with 1st/2nd person pronouns?
add cum to the end of the ablative
mecum = with me
tecum = with you
nobiscum = with us
vobiscum = with you all
What is the genitive of 1st and 2nd person pronouns used for?
of expressions that do not show possession
How do you show possession in the 1st and 2nd person?
use the possessive pronoun adjectives:
meus, a, um
tuus, a, um
noster, nostra, nostrum
vester, vestra, vestrum
Do possessive pronoun adjectives function like pronouns or adjectives?
adjectives
Adjective Agreement Rule
An adjective agrees with its noun in
gender,
number,
and case
but NOT declension.
Pronoun Agreement Rule
A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in
gender,
and number,
but its case is determined by its own clause.
What is a preposition?
A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
What does a prepositional phrase consist of?
the preposition
its object
and any modifiers
What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
What 2 Latin prepositions are similar to this word?
a/an
a/ab
and e/ex
What 2 cases do Latin prepositions govern?
ablative
accusative
Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
accusative
Prepositions that express location,
no motion,
or motion from,
take what case?
ablative
Name 2 prepositions that can take either the ablative or accusative case?
in
sub
Prepositions of ablative are easy to remember…
ab, coram, cum,
de, ex, in, prae,
pro, sine,
sub, tenus
Latin prepositions,
learn them all with ease.
Latin prepositions,
take accusative
ad, ante, apud,
in, inter, ob,
per, post, propter,
sub et trans
AND circum, contra, juxta
What is the infinitive ending for 3rd conjugation verbs?
ere
(this is a short e)
Does the 3rd conjugation have a stem with a consistent stem vowel?
How do you find the present stem in the 3rd conjugation?
No.
chop to the root
How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present system?
AE in future
IOU in present
Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
it has no bo’s in its future
What is the infinitive ending of the 4th conjugation?
ire
What are the stem vowels of all 4 conjugations?
1st - a
2nd - long e
3rd - short e or none
4th - i
Why do 3rd io verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation?
their infinitive ends in ere (short e)
The present system of 3rd io verbs looks exactly like what?
the present system of the 4th conjugation
What is an adverb?
An adverb modifies
a verb,
adjective,
or another adverb.
An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering these 4 (5) questions?
how
when
where
to what extent
(why)
Many 1st/2nd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding _______ to the adjective stem.
e (long e)
Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ________ to the adjective stem.
iter
Some adjectives use their __________ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ____ or ____.
Give two examples.
neuter singular accusative
‘um’ or ‘e’
examples: multum, facile
The perfect system is ____________ regular in all 4 conjugations.
perfectly
How do you find the perfect stem for all 4 conjugations?
Drop the ‘i’ from the 3rd principal part.
Although 3rd conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have ________ that will help you remember them.
What is the pattern for verbs like rego?
patterns
o
ere
xi
ctus
What are the 2 types of direct questions?
- questions introduced by question words
- questions answered with a yes or no
How do you form ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions in English?
by placing the helping verb first
How do you form ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions in Latin?
add the enclitic ‘ne’ to the end of the first word,
usually the verb
Give the 6 common question words in English?
who
what
when
where
why
how
What are the 2 voices of Latin verbs?
active
passive
In the active voice, the subject…
performs the action of the verb
In the passive voice, the subject…
receives the action of the verb
To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute _________ personal endings for ________ personal endings.
passive
active
When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING THING, the construction is called ___________ and requires the preposition __________.
Give an example.
the ablative of agent
a/ab
The Gauls are overcome by Caesar.
Galli a Caesare superantur.
When the action of the passive verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called __________ and the preposition is __________.
Give an example.
the ablative of means
omitted
The Gauls are overcome by the sword.
Galli gladio superantur.
What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of:
1st/2nd conjugations __________
3rd conjugation ___________
3rd io ______________
4th conjugation __________
1st/2nd - 2nd person singular of future tense is beris
3rd and 3rd io - 2nd person singular of present tense is eris
4th - NONE
