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Janet's Latin > First & Second Form Drill Questions > Flashcards

First & Second Form Drill Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are soft before…

A

e

i

ae

oe

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2
Q

Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are hard before…

A

a

o

u

consonants

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3
Q

In Latin and English, hard c has the sound of…

A

k

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4
Q

In Latin soft c has the sound of…

A

ch

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5
Q

In Latin gn is pronounced like…

give 2 examples…

A

ny

pugno

magnus

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6
Q

Give the names, from left to right, of the last 3 syllable of a Latin word…

A

antepenult

penult

ultima

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7
Q

The accent is on the ________ unless the _________ is marked.

A

penult

antepenult

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8
Q

Verb families are called….

A

conjugation

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9
Q

How many conjugations are there?

A

4

(named first, second, third and fourth)

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10
Q

What are the 6 attributes of a Latin verb?

A

conjugation

person

number

tense

voice

mood

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11
Q

What are the 3 grammar persons?

A

first person

second person

third person

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12
Q

What are the 2 grammar numbers?

A

singular

plural

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13
Q

How may Latin tenses are there?

Name them.

A

6

present, imperfect, future,

perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

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14
Q

What is the stem vowel of the 1st Conjugation?

A

a

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15
Q

What are the names of the 3 forms of the English present tense?

Give examples.

A

simple - I praise

progressive - I am praising

emphatic - I do praise

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16
Q

In Latin imperfect means…

A

not finished

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17
Q

The imperfect tense sign is…

A

ba

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18
Q

The imperfect tense is used to describe an…

A

ongoing,

repeated,

habitual,

or interrupted

past action

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19
Q

What English helping verbs translate the imperfect tense?

A

was

were

(can also be translated “used to”)

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20
Q

What are the 2 basic parts of a sentence?

A

subject

predicate

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21
Q

The subject is…

A

who or what the sentence is about

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22
Q

The predicate tells…

A

what the subject is or does

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23
Q

What is Sentence Pattern 1?

A

subject + verb

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24
Q

What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?

A

shall (in first person)

will

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25
Q

What are the 3 tenses that make up the Present System?

A

present

imperfect

future

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26
Q

What is the Present System built on?

A

the present stem

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27
Q

What are principal parts and how many are there?

A

The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses.

There are usually 4.

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28
Q

What is the name of the 2nd principal part?

A

infinitive

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29
Q

What is the infinitive ending for all 1st conjugation verbs?

A

are

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30
Q

How do you find the present stem?

A

Drop “re” from the infinitive

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31
Q

The Latin infinitive is translated with what English particle before the verb?

A

to

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32
Q

The ‘to be’ verb shows _________________not ______________.

A

existence

action

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33
Q

What are the English forms of the ‘to be’ verb?

A

am, is, are

was, were

be, been, being

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34
Q

What are the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs?

A

o

are

avi

atus

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35
Q

What is Sentence Pattern 2?

A

subject + verb + direct object

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36
Q

Something that completes the action of a verb is a…

A

complement

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37
Q

In Latin grammar perfect means…

A

finished

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38
Q

What kind of action does the perfect tense describe?

A

a one-time action

completed in the past

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39
Q

How do you find the perfect stem?

A

Drop ‘i’ from the 3rd principal part

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40
Q

What are 3 translations for vocavi?

A

I called.

I have called.

I did call.

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41
Q

What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?

A

have

has

did

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42
Q

What kind of action does the pluperfect tense describe?

A

a past action completed prior to another past action

(a past past action)

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43
Q

What English helping verb translates the pluperfect tense?

A

had

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44
Q

The pluperfect tense endings are identical to…

A

the imperfect tense of sum

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45
Q

What kind of action does the future perfect tense describe?

A

an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future

(a future past action)

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46
Q

What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?

A

will have

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47
Q

The future perfect tense endings are identical to __________ except for _____________.

A

the future tense of sum

3rd person plural

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48
Q

What are the tenses of the Perfect System and what are they built on?

A

perfect

pluperfect

future perfect

they are built on the perfect stem

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49
Q

What are noun families called?

A

declensions

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50
Q

How many declensions are there and what are they called?

A

5

(they are called 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th)

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51
Q

What are the 4 attributes of nouns?

A

declension

gender

number

case

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52
Q

What are the 3 genders?

A

masculine

feminine

neuter

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53
Q

To what does the case of a noun refer?

A

the job of the noun in a sentence

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54
Q

What are the cases?

A

nominative

genitive

dative

accusative

ablative

vocative

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55
Q

What is the job of the nominative case?

A

subject

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56
Q

What is the job of the genitive case?

A

show possession

“of”

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57
Q

What is the job of the dative case?

A

indirect object

(to/for)

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58
Q

What is the job of the accusative case?

A

direct object

59
Q

What is the job of the ablative case?

A

object of a preposition

(in/by/with/from)

60
Q

1st declension nouns are usually what gender?

List 3 exceptions.

A

Feminine.

Exceptions are nauta, poeta, agricola.

61
Q

What English articles are not present in Latin?

A

a

an

the

62
Q

What are 3 translations of mensa?

A

table

a table

the table

63
Q

What gender are 2nd declension ‘um’ nouns?

A

neuter

64
Q

What kinds of endings do verbs have?

A

tense

personal

65
Q

What kinds of endings do nouns have?

A

case

66
Q

What gender are 2nd declension ‘us’ nouns?

A

masculine

67
Q

What determines the declension a noun belongs to?

A

genitive singular

68
Q

What takes precedence over all other gender rules?

A

the natural gender rule

69
Q

What is the neuter rule?

A

nominative and accusative endings are the same nominative and accusative plural endings are ‘a’

70
Q

The subject and verb must agree in…

A

person

number

71
Q

What is an adjective?

A

an adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun

72
Q

In what ways must an adjective agree with its noun?

A

gender

number

case

(NOT declension)

73
Q

What kind of adjective precedes a noun?

What kind of adjective follows a noun?

A

quantity

quality

74
Q

What is Sentence Pattern 3?

A

subject + linking verb + predicate adjective

75
Q

What is Sentence Pattern 4?

A

subject + linking verb + predicated nominative

76
Q

How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?

A

Drop the genitive singular ending

77
Q

What is the usual word order for an English sentence?

A

subject - verb - direct object

78
Q

How many of the 7 basic sentence patterns have complements?

A

6

79
Q

What is the usual word order for a Latin sentence?

A

subject - direct object - verb

80
Q

What verb is never followed by a direct object?

A

sum

(the ‘to be’ verb)

81
Q

What gender are 4th declension nouns usually?

Give 2 common exceptions.

A

Masculine

exceptions are domus and manus

82
Q

What gender are 5th declension nouns usually?

Give one common exception.

A

Feminine

exception is dies

83
Q

What is the stem vowel of the 2nd conjugation?

A

long e

84
Q

What is the infinitive ending for all 2nd conjugation verbs?

A

ere

85
Q

What are the regular endings for the principal parts of a 2nd conjugation verb?

A

eo

ere

ui

itus

86
Q

Gender Triangle

A

1st - feminine

2nd - masculine, neuter

3rd - masculine, feminine, neuter

4th - masculine

5th - feminine

87
Q

What are the 3 nominative singular endings for 2nd declension masculine nouns?

A

us

er

ir

88
Q

What do 2nd declension er nouns do with the e in their stems?

A

either drop or retain it

89
Q

Give an example of a noun that has only a plural form?

A

liberi, liberorum

(means children)

90
Q

What are 4 confusing words with the root of liber?

A

liberi, liberorum (children)

liber, libri (book)

liber, libera, liberum (free )

libero, -are (to set free)

91
Q

What kinds of verbs have indirect objects?

Give Latin examples.

A

giving and telling verbs

examples: do, demonstro, nuntio, narro

92
Q

What are 2 ways to show an indirect object in English?

A

The preposition ‘to’ (I gave a nut to Coecoe)

word order - the indirect object precedes the direct object (I gave Coecoe a nut.)

93
Q

What is Sentence Pattern 5?

Give an example in Latin.

A

subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

Mary gave a rose to Mark.

Maria Marco rosam dedit.

94
Q

What are 2 ways to show possession in English?

A

preposition “of”

apostrophe s

95
Q

Third declension nouns that have a genitive plural in ‘ium’ are called…

A

i-stems

96
Q

What are 2 indications that a noun my be an i-stem?

Give examples.

A
  1. same number of syllables in nominative and genitive
    example: collis, collis
  2. stem ends in two consonants
    example: pons, pontis
97
Q

What are the 2 types of adjectives in Latin?

A

1st/2nd declension

3rd declension

98
Q

What are 3rd declension adjectives related to?

A

i-stem nouns

99
Q

What is a pronoun?

A

a pronoun takes the place of a noun

100
Q

How many kinds of pronouns are there?

Name them in pairs.

A

8

personal / possessive

reflexive / intensive

interrogative / relative

demonstrative / indefinite

101
Q

What is an antecedent?

A

an antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of

102
Q

What is the Latin word for ‘we’ and for ‘us’?

A

nos

103
Q

How do you write cum with 1st/2nd person pronouns?

A

add cum to the end of the ablative

mecum = with me

tecum = with you

nobiscum = with us

vobiscum = with you all

104
Q

What is the genitive of 1st and 2nd person pronouns used for?

A

of expressions that do not show possession

105
Q

How do you show possession in the 1st and 2nd person?

A

use the possessive pronoun adjectives:

meus, a, um

tuus, a, um

noster, nostra, nostrum

vester, vestra, vestrum

106
Q

Do possessive pronoun adjectives function like pronouns or adjectives?

A

adjectives

107
Q

Adjective Agreement Rule

A

An adjective agrees with its noun in

gender,

number,

and case

but NOT declension.

108
Q

Pronoun Agreement Rule

A

A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in

gender,

and number,

but its case is determined by its own clause.

109
Q

What is a preposition?

A

A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.

110
Q

What does a prepositional phrase consist of?

A

the preposition

its object

and any modifiers

111
Q

What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?

What 2 Latin prepositions are similar to this word?

A

a/an

a/ab

and e/ex

112
Q

What 2 cases do Latin prepositions govern?

A

ablative

accusative

113
Q

Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?

A

accusative

114
Q

Prepositions that express location,

no motion,

or motion from,

take what case?

A

ablative

115
Q

Name 2 prepositions that can take either the ablative or accusative case?

A

in

sub

116
Q

Prepositions of ablative are easy to remember…

A

ab, coram, cum,

de, ex, in, prae,

pro, sine,

sub, tenus

117
Q

Latin prepositions,

learn them all with ease.

Latin prepositions,

take accusative

A

ad, ante, apud,

in, inter, ob,

per, post, propter,

sub et trans

AND circum, contra, juxta

118
Q

What is the infinitive ending for 3rd conjugation verbs?

A

ere

(this is a short e)

119
Q

Does the 3rd conjugation have a stem with a consistent stem vowel?

How do you find the present stem in the 3rd conjugation?

A

No.

chop to the root

120
Q

How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present system?

A

AE in future

IOU in present

121
Q

Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?

A

it has no bo’s in its future

122
Q

What is the infinitive ending of the 4th conjugation?

A

ire

123
Q

What are the stem vowels of all 4 conjugations?

A

1st - a

2nd - long e

3rd - short e or none

4th - i

124
Q

Why do 3rd io verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation?

A

their infinitive ends in ere (short e)

125
Q

The present system of 3rd io verbs looks exactly like what?

A

the present system of the 4th conjugation

126
Q

What is an adverb?

A

An adverb modifies

a verb,

adjective,

or another adverb.

127
Q

An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering these 4 (5) questions?

A

how

when

where

to what extent

(why)

128
Q

Many 1st/2nd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding _______ to the adjective stem.

A

e (long e)

129
Q

Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ________ to the adjective stem.

A

iter

130
Q

Some adjectives use their __________ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ____ or ____.

Give two examples.

A

neuter singular accusative

‘um’ or ‘e’

examples: multum, facile

131
Q

The perfect system is ____________ regular in all 4 conjugations.

A

perfectly

132
Q

How do you find the perfect stem for all 4 conjugations?

A

Drop the ‘i’ from the 3rd principal part.

133
Q

Although 3rd conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have ________ that will help you remember them.

What is the pattern for verbs like rego?

A

patterns

o

ere

xi

ctus

134
Q

What are the 2 types of direct questions?

A
  1. questions introduced by question words
  2. questions answered with a yes or no
135
Q

How do you form ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions in English?

A

by placing the helping verb first

136
Q

How do you form ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions in Latin?

A

add the enclitic ‘ne’ to the end of the first word,

usually the verb

137
Q

Give the 6 common question words in English?

A

who

what

when

where

why

how

138
Q

What are the 2 voices of Latin verbs?

A

active

passive

139
Q

In the active voice, the subject…

A

performs the action of the verb

140
Q

In the passive voice, the subject…

A

receives the action of the verb

141
Q

To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute _________ personal endings for ________ personal endings.

A

passive

active

142
Q

When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING THING, the construction is called ___________ and requires the preposition __________.

Give an example.

A

the ablative of agent

a/ab

The Gauls are overcome by Caesar.

Galli a Caesare superantur.

143
Q

When the action of the passive verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called __________ and the preposition is __________.

Give an example.

A

the ablative of means

omitted

The Gauls are overcome by the sword.

Galli gladio superantur.

144
Q

What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of:

1st/2nd conjugations __________

3rd conjugation ___________

3rd io ______________

4th conjugation __________

A

1st/2nd - 2nd person singular of future tense is beris

3rd and 3rd io - 2nd person singular of present tense is eris

4th - NONE

Janet's Latin (9 decks)

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