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psychology > first model of memory > Flashcards

first model of memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cognitive approach ?

A

our behaviour is determined by our mental processes

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2
Q

what analogy does the cognitive approach use ?

A

computer analogy

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3
Q

what does the computer analogy mean ?

A

our brain inputs information from our environment and then it processes it for a response (input,process, output)

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4
Q

what is memory ?

A

the ability of the mind to retain learned information and knowledge of past events and experiences , and then retrieve that information

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5
Q

how does your memory retrieve information ?

A

through a process of coding, storage and retrieval

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6
Q

what is the first model of memory

A

the idea that we have 3 memory stores

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7
Q

what are the 3 stages/stores of memory

A

sensory, short term, long term

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8
Q

how does information pass through the different stores of memory

A

information processing begins in the sensory memory, moves to the short term memory and eventually moves into the long term memory store

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9
Q

what happens to most of the information passing through the stores of memory ?

A

it is lost/ forgotten along the way

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10
Q

how can we make information move into the STM and LTM stores ?

A

what we pay attention to determines if it goes through all 3 stages (rehearsing the information)

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11
Q

what are the differences between the different memory stores ?

A

each store retains a ..
. different amounts of information.
. in a different way ( different ways of coding it )
. holding it for a different length of time ( how long it can retain it)

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12
Q

whats the duration of the sensory memory

A

very short ( few seconds)

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13
Q

whats the duration of the STM

A

limited duration

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14
Q

why is duration limited in the STM ?

A

we must rehearse the information to keep it in our STM

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15
Q

what happens if we rehearse information enough ?

A

it can move from our STM to our LTM

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16
Q

what research study shows the duration of STM

A

Petersons and Petersons

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17
Q

explain Petersons and Peterson experiment about duration of STM

A

. The experimenter said a consonant syllable to the participant and a 3 digit number ( e.g. SRT 238)
. the participant was then asked to count back from this number in 3’s and 4’s until they were asked to stop
. (intervals 3,6,9,12,14,16,18)
. The participants were then asked to recall the 3 consonants

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18
Q

how many recalled the letters correctly after 3 seconds ? in Petersons and Peterson experiment

A

80%

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19
Q

how many recalled the letters correctly after 18 seconds in Petersons and Petersons experiment

A

10%

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20
Q

What does Petersons and Petersons experiment show ?

A

recall got progressively worse as the delay grew longer

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21
Q

experiment aim ( petersons and petersons ) =

A

to see how long information could be stored in our STM

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22
Q

experiment conclusion ( petersons and petersons)=

A

STM lasts about 30 seconds at the most if not rehearsed , information is lost from STM from trace delay

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23
Q

what research study shows the duration of LTM

A

Bahrick et ales St

24
Q

explain the experiment ( bahrick et ales - duration of LTM)

A

. Participants were asked to list the names of those they could remember from their graduating class. as well as photo recognition tests.

25
Q

how accurate were the participants 15 years after graduation ? (in BAhrciks et ales experiment)

A

90% accurate at identifying names and faces

26
Q

how accurate were the participants 48 years after graduation ? ( in bahrcik et ales experiement)

A

80%= verbal
70%= visual

27
Q

experiment aim ( bahrcik et ales) =

A

to see how long information can be stored in the LTM

28
Q

experiment conclusion ( bahrcik et ales) =

A

LTM has a potentially unlimited duration

29
Q

how does encoding work in sensory memory

A

encoding in the SM involves converting the information from the environment (sight,sounds,smells) into a form in which it can be stored as memory

30
Q

how does encoding differ in the SM

A

depends on the senses

31
Q

what type of encoding is used for the STM

A

encoding is mainly acoustic

32
Q

what does acoustic mean ?

A

based on sounds (words)

33
Q

what evidence supports STM is acoustic ?

A

Allan Baddely (1966) found the mistakes made are acoustic when recalling words in the STM , such as substituting a word for another word that sounds the same ( such as cat instead of cap)

34
Q

what type of encoding is used in the LTM

A

encoding is mainly semantic

35
Q

what does semantic mean ?

A

based on meaning

36
Q

what evidence supports that the type of encoding in the LTM is semantic

A

Allen Baddely (1966) found the mistakes made are semantic when recalling words in the LTM, such as substituting word that means the same thing (such as saying tiny instead of small)

37
Q

describe Allen baddelys experiment for coding in the STM and LTM

A

participants were given words that were either
. acoustically similar ( words that sound the same)
.acoustically dissimilar (words that don’t sound the same)
.semantically similar ( words with similar meanings)
.semantically dissimilar (words that don’t have similar meanings)

38
Q

what were the results in Allen baddelys experiment around encoding with STM and LTM ?

A

. Participants had difficulty remembering acoustically similar words in the STM
. participants had difficulty remembering semantically similar words in the LTM

39
Q

conclusion ( Allen baddelys experiment) =

A

. dominant form of encoding in the
STM = acoustic
. dominant form of encoding in the
LTM= semantic

40
Q

whats the capacity of SM ?

A

capacity is very high

41
Q

whats the capacity of STM ?

A

capacity is limited

42
Q

why is the capacity of STM limited ?

A

because it can only contain a certain number of things before forgeting occurs

43
Q

why is the capacity of LTM unlimited ?

A

because we store everything we have ever learned in it

43
Q

whats the capacity of LTM

A

Capacity is practically unlimited

44
Q

Why do we sometimes forget information in our LTM ?

A

the information may still be in your LTM but you just cant access it because you don’t had the right cues

45
Q

what experiment proves the information around Capacity of memory stores

A

Jacobs study of STM

46
Q

explain the experiment of jacobs study about capacity in memory stores

A

. participants were presented with a string of letters or digits
. they had to repeat them back in the same order
. the number of digits increased until the participant failed to record them properly.

47
Q

conclusion (jacobs study) =

A

STM has limited storage capacity of 5-9 items

48
Q

what is a weakness of the first model of memory

A

a lot of research is not typical of everyday memory

49
Q

explain how artificial experiments are a weakness in the first model of memory

A

In Peterson’s and Peterson’s study they had to remember 3 consonants ( with no meaning) making the experiment artificial. This means the different characteristics of memories stores may not be so clear when we use our memories in everyday life

50
Q

what is a strength of the first model of memory ?

A

there is lots of evidence showing there are 3 memory stores, we can tell the SM, STM and LTM are separate as their characteristics differ so much ( shown in studies)

51
Q

give examples of studies proving that there is lots of evidence about the first model of memory ?

A

Petersons and Petersons study
bahrcik et ales st study
Allen baddely study
jacobs study

52
Q

what is strength of the first model of memory

A

knowledge of memory stores has practical applications, by understanding the different characteristics of memory stores we can improve memory.

53
Q

prove that the first model, of memory has practical applications ?

A

this knowledge of memory stores means we can increase the limited capacity stores of STM through techniques such as “chunking”, this chunking approach can help us in everyday life such as in postcodes, registrations and phone numbers

54
Q
A

psychology (11 decks)

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