First Midterm Flashcards
What do excitatory neurotransmitters do for calcium channels
Open the channels
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do for calcium channels
Close channels
What happens when ion channels open?
The post synaptic cell is either depolarized or hyper polarized (excited or inhibited)
What creates the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
What does the blood-brain barrier do?
Separates the CSF from blood and is selectively permeable for nutrients
What can oligodendrites be made from?
Stem cells
What are the three parts of the brain?
Diencephalon, telencephalon, and brain stem
What parts are in the diencephalon?
The hypothalamus and thalamus
What does the hypothalamus do?
Releases hormones
What does the thalamus do?
Is responsible for visual and auditory processing
What brain parts are in the telencephalon?
The limbic system
Which brain parts are in the limbic system?
The amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex
What are cerebral aqueducts?
Passageways between ventricles that carry CSF
What do microglia cells do?
Clean up damaged cells
What are the two functions of CSF?
Provide nutrition for the brain and provide pressure like a water balloon
What is white matter composed of
Axons and glial cells
What are the three meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Order of brain layers(inner–>outer)
Cortex, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid, and dura mater
What is the subarachnoid space?
The area between the arachnoid and pia mater
What is a slice that separates the brain into front and back?
Coronal
What is a slice that separates the brain into top and bottom
Axial
What is the slice that separates the brain into left and right
Sagittal
What is another word for anterior
Rostral
What is another word for posterior?
Caudal
What does the medulla control?
Respiration and heart rate
What can the medulla be called?
The sensory motor relay station
What does the pons do?
Arousal from sleep and REM sleep.
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates movement and integrates sensory feedback with motor commands
What does the midbrain do
Orient attention and auditory/visual processing
What is special about the hypothalamus?
It links the CNS and the endocrine system
What does the hypothalamus do?
Produces and releases hormones
By peptides
What does the limbic system do?
It creates emotion and memory
What are the cortex layers and what is special about them?
Layer 4 inputs information from the thalamus, layer 5 output, layer 1-3 develops later, layers 4-6 develop first
What is the experiment with the single-cell recording method?
The “fear cell” experiment
Do individual amygdala cells discriminate emotions?
How did they do this experiment?
They placed a neuron in the amygdala of a monkey on the “fear cell” and the monkey looked at a fearful face or a green blob
What were the results of the experiment and what did they show?
The fear cell fires more in response to the fearful face it showed that the amygdala can discriminate faces
Is single-cell recording good at spatial or temporal or both?
Both, but only on one cell
What do they do in light microscopy?
Inject a tracer into cells and stain them. The tracer can later be seen under a microscope and you can see where information travels
What is the experiment that was tested with light microscopy
Is the amygdala attached to other networks
Is light microscopy good spatially, temporally, or both
Spatially
What were the results of the light microscopy experiment and what conclusions did they make?
The dye traveled to the temporal lobe so the amygdala and temporal lobe are connected
What is the experiment for induced lesions?
Is the amygdala critical for recognizing threatening things?
How did the experiment for induced lesions work?
The experimentor destroyed the amygdala and hippocampus and had a acid control group with monkeys. They placed a teddy bear and a plastic snake in a room to see how long it took for the monkey to go to threatening vs nonthreatening things
What were the results of the induced lesions experiment and what conclusions did they make?
The monkeys without an amygdala went over to the snake faster than the hippocampus and control group leading to the conclusion that the amygdala is responsible for the fear response
How does an EEG work?
It detects voltage differences across the extra cellular space from perpendicular ions. As neurons fire, positive ions enter the neuron and the extra cellular space becomes negative creating a dipole which is measured
Is EEG good temporally or spatially?
Temporally
What experiment was the EEG?
When do you process a face?
What happened in the EEG experiment?
About 170 ms after a face was shown, there was a difference in the visible and invisible condition
What is different about an EEG vs. MEG
An EEG measures neurons that are perpendicular, an MEG measures parallel
What was the experiment for MEG?
When does face perception begin?
What technique did the experiment for MEG use and how did they do it?
They used binocular rivalry, the subject told the experimentor when they saw a face vs lines after an image was shown
Is MRI good temporally, spatially, or both?
Spatially
How does PET work?
A radioactive atom is injected into the bloodstream and attached to glucose. As glucose is broken down, gamma rays are emitted. Glucose is most broken down by active areas
Is PET good temporally, spatially or both?
Spatially
What does an fMRI do?
Measures the amount of oxygen in blood nearby neurons, which correlates with activity
What happens in a fMRI?
There is a dip in oxygen as oxygen as it is soaked up and then more oxygen is sent as the brain realizes what it needs (haemodynamic response?
How does an fMRI work?
It aligns magnetic nuclei of the brain and the magnetic sun is recorded
Is fMRI good spatially of temporally?
Spatially, worse at temporal than EEG and MEG
What is good about Ecog?
It records directly from the surface of the brain and has good spatial and temporal resolution
What is the experiment for TMS?
How do we put a face together?
How was the experiment for TMS conducted?
Different parts of the brain were disrupted to see if it effected face perception
What were the results and conclusion of TMS?
When applied to the right OFA, people were worse at recognizing parts of faces, therefore OFA is partially responsible for face recognition
