First midterm

Question 1

What are Habermas’ 3 Paradigms?

Answer 1

1. Empirical - Analytic - The scientific paradigm (science as a process). Based on observations, so we can make predictions. This is the dominate paradigm. Predict and control, objective. Managers
2. Situational interpretive - It is about subjectivity (lived experience, your real world). Cares more about the heart, affect or emotion. What does it mean to you? Humanistic
3. Critical theoretic - Political paradigm. Politics of everyday life. “Pulling back the curtain and revealing what is really going on.” There’s more than what is on the surface.

Question 2

How do most teachers identify them selves in Habermas’ paradigm?

Answer 2

Most teachers identify themselves as situational interpretative but in practice and in the classroom they are empirical analytic.

Question 3

What are the 8 principles of critical thinking?

Answer 3

1. Be skeptical
2. Examine the definition of terms
3. Examine the assumptions of arguments - If something is true some things have to be assumed.
4. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence - can be open to interpretation
5. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence - correlation does not equal causation
6. Consider strengths and weaknesses of different perspectives
7. Do not oversimplify
8. Do not overgeneralize

Question 4

Who was Alfred Kinsey?

Answer 4

Born in 1894 and died in 1956. Kinsey lived in two very different times. Born in the Victorian age. His lifespan correlated to the birth of the modern world. In the 19th century people talked about sexuality in a very scientific way. Kinsey was the first to study sexuality. This is why he was important. He was also important culturally . People were hungry for the information that he shared.

Question 5

How did Kinsey do his research?

Answer 5

He used interviews for his research. His work has a sampling bias. When sampling you would want a broad sample of people from different backgrounds. His sample was biased because of access. There weren’t many people willing to talk about sex. Therefore his sample did not accurately reflect the population.

Question 6

What is a paradigm?

Answer 6

Paradigms are world views. The way we engage the world. The way we make meaning of our life. When you identify the paradigm that a person comes from you can make inferences about that person.

Question 7

What is the history of feminisms?

Answer 7

1. First wave - early 20th century, Driven by women and their supporters for the right to vote. Called Suffragette Movement
2. Second Wave - 1960’s, usually think of this as the women’s movement. Equal pay for equal work. Access to education and health care. Overlaps with the availability of the pill. Believe that sexual representations in media is degrading.
3. Third Wave - post- feminism - presenting yourself for empowerment. Madonna would be a major player here.
4. Fourth Wave - Connected with spirituality. Women in churches working together for issues around world peace, rights for women globally

Question 8

What do Masters and Johnson say about the orgasm?

Answer 8

They say it is hard to distinguish between males and females. Both go through the same sexual response cycle. There is only one kind of orgasm. If men are going to go through the system a second time he has to start at step 1 but the woman can have multiple orgasmic phases

Question 9

What are the four phase sexual response, according to Masters and Johnson?

Answer 9

1. Excitement - Erection, testes increase in size and move closer to the body, lubercation, erection of the clitoris, breasts increase in size. Both experience myotonia and increase of heart rate and blood pressure
2. Plateau - Excitement peaks and levels out. The testes have elevated into position for orgasm. Coupress gland can release a small amount of semen. Outer half of vagina contract while the inner expands. Uterus increases in size and elevates. Clitoris withdraws into it’s hood
3. Orgasmic - Male - contractions gathering seminal fluid to the base of the penis and release. Female 3 -15 contractions leading to release. Both experience body spasms, increase of heart rate and breathing
4. Resolution - Blood withdraws within the first minute. System returns to pre-arousal state
   * They make no mention of relationships*

Question 10

What is vasocongestion?

Answer 10

Engorgement of the genital area

Question 11

What is myotonia?

Answer 11

Muscle tension

Question 12

What is the refractory period?

Answer 12

The time in between sex before the male is ready for sex again. It can vary and may depend on the cardiovascular health.

Question 13

What are 6 sexual response variations?

Answer 13

1. Helen Singer Kaplan
2. Rosemary Basson
3. Freud
4. Masters and Johnson
5. Relationships
6. Masturbation

Question 14

What is Helen Singer Kaplan three phases?

Answer 14

She learned what she knew as a therapist.

1. Desire: this is her unique contribution. Desire is affective/emotional. With dysfunction the desire is low or absent
2. Excitement: physiological. Either erection or lubercation
3. Orgasm: if there is a problem it would be premature orgasm or for the female no orgasm at all

Question 15

What is Rosemary Basson’s contribution to sexual response.

Answer 15

Thought that traditional models were preoccupied with the male response. She wanted to include female response. She wanted to add intimacy to the stages of sexual response.

Question 16

What does Freud say about the sexual response?

Answer 16

Freud is a psychosexual theorist of human development. Sexuality is conversation with the psyche. Psychoanalysis is the fundamental notion of the unconscious, this is his contribution. Part of our minds is totally beneath the surface. That which we can’t see, it does have an influence. Freud is not scientific. Freud’s first stage is oral at infancy. He says there are two types of female orgasm ( one good and one bad:

1. Vaginal - good kind, signifies healthful mature development.
2. Clitoral - bad kind, signifies the woman is immature and stuck in teen years (penis envy).

Question 17

What would feminist say about Freud?

Answer 17

They would say Freud is only accepting of heterosexual sex as being the only legitimate kind.

Question 18

What does the sexual response say about masturbation?

Answer 18

There is a challenging notion that masturbation is second place to the real thing. There are social prohibitions that say that it is not right. Writer Sherry Hite in a book called the Hite Report. She talks about masturbation as a feminist empowerment. She doesn’t need a man or another person for pleasure.

Question 19

What was the Brene Brown TED talk about?

Answer 19

Called the power of vulnerability. Connection is why we are all here. In order for us to connect we need to be vulnerable. Let ourselves be seen, love with our whole hearts, practice gratitude and joy, and believe that we are enough. Her journey was from empirical-analytic to situational interpretive.

Question 20

What is a gender role?

Answer 20

A complex cluster of ways in which males and females are expected to behave. The way we think and feel right down to the core.

Question 21

What is the definition of stereotype?

Answer 21

A fixed conventional idea about a group of people , old fashioned, traditional

Question 22

What is sexism?

Answer 22

A prejudgement that because of gender a person will possess certain negative traits

Question 23

What is gender typing?

Answer 23

It’s how we learn about our gender. Process of acquiring how to be a boy or girl, ones appropriate gender behaviour.

Question 24

How do we learn gender typing

Answer 24

1. Biological

2. Psychological

Question 25

What are two kinds of biological gender typing?

Answer 25

1. Evolutionary perspective - Associated with David Buss. He says gender is a function of our anthropological survival. As a matter of survival the male had to be strong. Females had to be able to reproduce. This is a conservative approach.
2. Prenatal brain organization - gender comes from the way our brains are wired. Determined by neurology. Our book would be more aligned with an environmental influence.

Question 26

What are 4 types of psychological gender typing?

Answer 26

1. Psychoanalytic - Freud. Infant loves mom. Unconsciously the child would want to marry his mother and kill father. Called oedipal complex (female is called elektra complex). He says everything is unconsciously driven by the libido.
2. Social cognitive - Associated with Bandura. Mobilized by learning, identification and socialization. Child observes the world around her and models herself accordingly. Also observes how the people around the role model act. This is a social process, no series of steps.
3. Cognitive development - From Kohlberg - moral development. Kohlberg is influenced by Piaget. Children learn concepts or schema about gender which eventually become stable or fixed. This is a developmental process with a series of steps.
4. Gender Schema Theory - Comes from the information processing approach. Brain is an information processing system. We learn our societies schema of gender. In time we develop our concepts of gender. If your schema matches the dominate cultures schema you are thought to have higher self-esteem.