First Long exam Pt 2 Flashcards
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
The man who worked on Classical Conditioning through the use of the Bell as a Conditioned Stimulus and a Dog as the test subject.
A response to a stimulus similar to the original Conditioned Stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
Occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.
Stimulus Discrimination
What is Extinction?
When something which is conditioned/learned(CS) is unlearned by the removal of the Uncontrolled Stimulus.
The reappearance of a previously extinguished CR
Spontaneous Recovery
Higher-order Conditioning
A strong Conditioned Stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
John B. Watson
Little Albert experiment on the conditioning of Albert to be scared of mice.
Learning to make voluntary responses through the effects of positive or negative consequences.
Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike
Developed the law of effect (pleasure is rewarded, and will be repeated; unpleasurable is not, and will not be repeated)
B.F. Skinner
Skinners Box (Rat in the box to push down a bar to get food), where he studied Operant Conditioning
Any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that a behavior/response will occur again.
Reinforcement
What is Positive Reinforcement? Negative Reinforcement?
1) Addition or experience of a stimulus to increase the occurrence of a behavior
2) Removal of a stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a behavior
A type of reinforcement where every response is reinforced.
Continuous Reinforcement
A type of reinforcement where some instances of the response are reinforced, while some are not.
Intermittent Reinforcement
Four types of Intermittent Reinforcement
Fixed and Variable Interval, and Fixed and Variable Ratio
Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, decreases the probability that the response will occur again.
Punishment
Small steps toward some ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal is reached
Shaping
Reinforcing each step in a sequence of behaviors
Chaining
Genetically determined behavior and not under the influence of learning
Instinctual Behavior
Tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns of behavior
Instinctive Drift
Application of operant conditioning to bring about changes in behavior
Behavior Modification
Learning of a new behavior through the watching the actions of a model
Observational Learning
An active system that receives info from senses, puts it to a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and retrieves that information from the storage.
Memory
