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Linguistics 102 > First Language Acquisition > Flashcards

First Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

We are _________ to learn languages

A

pre-disposed

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2
Q

What are the 2 methods used to study language acquisition?

A
  1. Naturalistic (documentation)

2. Experimentation

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3
Q

What are disadvantages of the naturalistic approach?

A
  • It can be limiting (time length)

- There are many things that the observer cannot control and know

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4
Q

Language learning isn’t _______

A

Memorization

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5
Q

When does cooing start?

A

2 months

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6
Q

When does babbling begin?

A

About at 6 months

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7
Q

What is the difference between babbling and cooing?

A

Cooing is preparation for vowel sounds whereas babbling is preparation for consonants.

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8
Q

When does babbling end and words being?

A

About 12 months

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9
Q

Approximately how many words have children learned by 18 months.

A

50

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10
Q

Are vowels or consonants mastered first?

A

Vowels

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11
Q

What type of (placement) consonant comes first?

A

Stops come before other consonants.

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12
Q

What are the last type of consonants to be aquired?

A

Interdentals

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13
Q

What specific type of stop/sounds are acquired first?

A

bilabials

b, m, p

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14
Q

Phonemic contrasts start happening at the ______ of words first.

A

beginning

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15
Q

Why is it harder to contrast end-of-word phonemes?

A

because they are unreleased and harder to articulate

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16
Q

At 2 years old, what consonant sounds are still missing (7)?

A
  1. Liquids
  2. Palatals
  3. Voiced fricatives
  4. Affricates
  5. Interdentals
  6. /h/
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17
Q

At 4 years old what consonant sounds are still missing.

A
  1. interdentals
  2. /ʒ/
  3. Marked consonants are mastered later
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18
Q

In all cases _______ of the sounds is preceded by _______

A

Production

Perception

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19
Q

If there is an _______ (final or initial) syllable, they keep that one.
Give an example

A
  1. Unstressed Final

Tomato > mejdo (ends of words are important)

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20
Q

What syllable structure i most common for children and give an example of how this is used.

A

CV

dog > /da/

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21
Q

What are the 5 process that children use to alter tougher consonant sounds?

A
  1. Stopping ( s > t)
  2. Fronting ( g > d)
  3. Gliding ( ɹ > w)
  4. Denasalization ( n > d)
  5. Assimilation ( sup > zup)
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22
Q

Why are nouns most common?

A

They carry more meaning

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23
Q

The average adult has how many words?

A

60 000 words

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24
Q

How many words does the average 6 year old have?

A

14 000

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25
Q

How many times to 2-5 year olds need to hear a word before they learn it.

A

Once

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26
Q

What 3 assumptions much the child assume to fully understand the word.

A
  1. The whole object assumption
  2. The type assumption
  3. The basic level assumption
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27
Q

What does the whole object assumption mean?

A

They have to grasp that the word doesn’t mean just one section
i.e. Dog doesn’t mean “leg” or “black”

28
Q

What does the type assumption mean?

A

This means that the word applies to all forms of the word

i.e. dog doesn’t just mean maggie

29
Q

What’s the basic level assumption?

A

This means that the word refers to a particular basic kind of the word
i.e. dog refers to canines nto all animals.

30
Q

What is an overextension error and an example?

A

This happens when specific word is given too broad of a meaning. This is when the basic level assumption isn’t applied.
i.e. Cat meaning all animals

31
Q

How is overextension practice?

A

This buys the kid time within conversation until the precise word is learned.

32
Q

What is under extension?

A

This happens when the type assumption isn’t applied

i.e. The dog only refers to maggie

33
Q

Learning words goes hand in hand with learning ______

A

Concepts

34
Q

What is the order of acquisition for adjectives?

A
  1. several dimensions described at once (big or small)
  2. One dimension (long or short, high or low)
  3. Secondary, single dimension aspects (thick or thin, deep or shallow)
35
Q

What test is used to determine if a person understand morphemes?

A

The Wug test.

This test allows them to see if children can apply morphological rules to words that they’ve never seen before.

36
Q

What is the first morpheme acquired?

A

-ing

37
Q

What is accepted first, the plural or possessive or grammar marked /s/

A

the plural comes first, then possessive, then the -s used to mark first person singular verbs.

38
Q

Which type of morphemes are learned first?

A

Bound morphemes are free before free ones.

39
Q

What are the 6 aspects that determine morpheme acquisition order?

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Position
  3. Syllabicity
  4. Regularity of markings
  5. Lack of Allomorphy
  6. Non-Fusional Affixes
40
Q

Morphology: Frequency

A

This plays a role, but it not the only relevant factor

41
Q

Morphology: Position

A

Children pay attention to the ends of words.

42
Q

Morphology: Syllabicity

A

Kids notice morphemes that are full syllables

i.e. -ing vs -s

43
Q

Morphology: Regularity of Markings

A

Those more common are learned faster

44
Q

Morphology: Lack of Allomorphy

A

Learning that there are several forms for one morpheme slows things down too
i.e. different -s meanings

45
Q

Morphology: Non-Fusional Affixes

A

Plura -s vs third person singular -s.

46
Q

Children prefer more _____ structures when forming words

A

Transparent

47
Q

To build words, children use both derivation and compounding. Which one to they prefer?

A

Compounding

48
Q

What to children learn, quickly, about derivational affixes?

A

They they appear closer to the root.

49
Q

What is a holophrase and what are it’s tendencies?

A
  • This is one word in a child’s speech that represents a whole sentence in normal adult speech.
  • They tend to be nouns because they whole more meaning
  • These are part of production
50
Q

What occurs with a couple months of the holophrase stage?

A
  • The two word stage emerges

- These are also holophrastic, but there are function items included.

51
Q

What types functional words are a part of the two-word stage?

A

auxiliaries, determiners or affixes

52
Q

What stage happens after the 2-word/holographic stage?

A

Telegraphic Stage

53
Q

What are characteristics of the telegraphic stage and when does it start?

A

Not all function words are there yet (including inflectional morphology)
This happens around 2 years old

54
Q

The telegraphic stage is most like ______ aphasia

A

Broca’s

But without the effort

55
Q

How many times do irregular verbs need to be heard before mastery?

A

several hundred.

56
Q

What word order is the default by age 4?

A

SOV

57
Q

Which questions come first for kids: Inversion of yes-no or “wh-“ questions.

A

yes-no questions

58
Q

When do “wh” questions begin?

A

between 2-4

59
Q

At what age to the correct interpretation of passives occur?

A

seven or eight years old

60
Q

What is the general conclusion of motherese?

A

This is potentially helpful. but unnecessary.

61
Q

Want are characteristics of motherese (5)?

A
  1. Exaggerated stress
  2. Slow speech with lots of pauses
  3. Short sentences
  4. Here and now vocab
  5. Lots of repetition
62
Q

Who learns their L1 faster: Those without or with motherese?

A

Neither. They develop at the same time.

63
Q

Do children learn grammar from being corrected by their parents?

A

No

64
Q

What is recast?

A

This is the reformulation of an ungrammatical string using a grammatical string.

65
Q

Is the any direct relationship between language and cognitive development?

A

No, people with low intelligence can still be very good with language

66
Q

Is there a critical period for learning first languages?

A

Yes, before 6 years is ideal

Linguistics 102 (7 decks)

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