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1001PSY > First exam > Flashcards

First exam Flashcards

1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the scientific study of conscious experience, which school of thought/perspective/approach did he establish?

A

Structuralism

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2
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

A positive correlation is a relationship between two variables where if one variable increases, the other one also increases. A positive correlation also exists in one decreases and the other also decreases.

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3
Q

In an experiment, each participant receives one level of the independent variable. The design is called a:

A

Within subjects design

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4
Q

The three subtypes of descriptive-correlational research are:

A

naturalistic observation, case study and surveys

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5
Q

In a correlational design, a negative correlation would be seen with:

A

As values in the first variable increases, values on the second variable increases, or:
As values in the first variable decrease, values on the second variable also decrease.

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6
Q

Ego:

A

Operates at a conscious level.
Represents your sense of reality
Guides the ID to gratification via realistic and appropriate thought

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7
Q

ID:

A

Selfish instincts
Largest and least controlled part of the brain
Feeds on needs and desires

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8
Q

Superego:

A

Ethical standard of society

Limits both the ID + Ego based gratifications

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9
Q

What is the metaphor for Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic And why?

A

Iceberg

Conscious mental processes occur at the tip, but why we do what we do/feel what we feel is mostly below our surface, in the unconscious.

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10
Q

What is the metaphor for Behaviourist

And why?

A

Black Box

Stimulus enters the box and a response comes out.
What happens inside is not the behaviourists’ business. Inaccessible via scientific investigation.

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11
Q

What is the metaphor for Humanistic

And why?

A

Bottle of Milk

Cream always rises to the top: does not matter how disadvantaged one may be, there is a drive/desire to achieve all that we are capable of.

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12
Q

What is the metaphor for Cognitive

And why?

A

Computer

Thinking is processing: the environment provides input which is transformed, stored and retrieved using mental “programs” which lead to specific response outputs.

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13
Q

What is the metaphor for Evolutionary

And why?

A

Race for survival and reproduction

Emphasis on natural selection: adaptive behavioural traits are passed on through the generations

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14
Q

What are the two types of Conditioning?

A

Operant

Classical

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15
Q

Which 2 famous names used animals in their experiments?

A

Operant:
B.F. Skinner with pigeons and rats inside the Skinner Box

Classical:
Ivan Pavlov with dogs

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16
Q

What are the 5 stages, from 1-5, in Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-actualisation- Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of predjudice, acceptance of facts.

Esteem- self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others.

Love/belonging- Friendship, family, sexual intimacy.

Safety- Security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of family, of health, of the preoperty.

Physiological- Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion.

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17
Q

Which research methods do all 5 perspectives use?

A

Psychodynamic:
Case Studies

Behaviourists:
Experimental methods

Humanistic:
Person-centred therapeutic methods

Cognitive:
Experimental methods,
Computer modelling

Evolutionary:
Deduction,
Cross-species and cross-cultural comparisons

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18
Q

Definition of Variable

A

Any phenomenon that can take on more than one value

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19
Q

Definition of Hypothesis

A

A tentative belief about the way two (or more) variables interact/impact each other.

20
Q

Definition of Correlational Designs

A

Concerned with predicting behaviour

21
Q

Reason for Experimental Designs

A

Concerned with establishing the causes of behaviour

22
Q

Definition of Continuous Variable

A

Has a continuum of possible values and varies across this range

23
Q

Definition of Negative Correlations

A

High values of one variable are associated with low values of the other variable.

24
Q

Three types of Descriptive Design research:

A

Case studies, naturalistic observations and survey research

25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System has two divisions:

A

Sympathetic: Emergency system, typically activated in face of a threat (e.g., fight or flight)

Parasympathetic: Vegetative functions (e.g., digestion), ‘business as normal’

26
Q

Reason for Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Integrates and coordinates all body functions, processes all incoming neural messages, and sends out commands to different parts of the body

27
Q

The hindbrain

A

Medulla Oblongata: Extension of spinal cord that regulates heartbeat, circulation and respiration

Cerebellum: Involved in movement, learning and sensory discrimination

Reticular Formation: A network of neurons involved in consciousness and arousal

Pons: Links Medulla Oblongata and Cerebellum with upper part of brainstem

28
Q

The midbrain

A

Tectum: involved in orienting to visual and auditory stimuli

Tegmentum: is involved in movement and arousal

Play an important role in learning to produce behaviours that minimise unpleasant (aversive) consequences and maximise pleasant (rewarding) consequences

29
Q

Other Important Non-cortical Structures

A

Hypothalamus: Helps regulate eating, sleeping, sexual activity and emotional experiences

Thalamus: Processes incoming sensory information and transmits it to higher brain areas

Basal Ganglia: Involved in the control of movement and also plays a part in ‘automatic’ responses and judgements

30
Q

Limbic System – main structures

A

Septal area: nuclei involved in pleasure, relief from pain, emotionally-significant learning

Amygdala: involved in learning and remembering emotionally significant events, and recognition of fear

Hippocampus: involved in the storage of new memories

31
Q

Speech is localized in the _______ hemisphere

A

Left

32
Q

The two brain hemispheres embody different types of processing

A

Left hemisphere tends to be more analytic

Right hemisphere tends to be more holistic

33
Q

Females typically score higher on tests of

A

verbal fluency, perceptual speed and manual dexterity.

34
Q

Males typically score higher on tests of

A

mathematical ability and spatial processing.

35
Q

Memory is

A

the process by which we take something we have observed (encountered), and convert it into a form we can store, retrieve and use.

36
Q

Encoding

A

getting information into memory, forming a

memory code

37
Q

Storage

A

refers to keeping the information in memory

38
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

Information from the sensory registers that is attended to moves into STM
Holds a small amount of information (limited capacity of approximately 7 2 chunks of inormation) for a short period of time (limited duration of approximately 20–30 seconds)
If material is rehearsed then it can be maintained in STM for a longer period (e.g., chanting a phone number until it is dialled = maintenance rehearsal)

39
Q

Research demonstrating the Serial Position Curve supports the existence of

A

STM versus LTM
Primacy effect reflects LTM
Recency effect reflects STM

40
Q

The ‘Working Memory’ Approach of Baddeley memory model

A

Memory is no longer thought of in terms of a serial processing model
Memory is now thought to be comprised of a number of modules which are discrete but interdependent (parallel processing)
It is recognised that remembering is not always conscious or retroactive
Memory is no longer likened to the processing of a computer
Working memory is temporary storage and processing of information is used to:
solve problems
respond to environmental demands
achieve goals.

Baddeley and Hitch suggest that working memory is comprised of three memory systems.

41
Q

Working memory systems

A

Central executive: controls the flow and processing of information (limited capacity)

Visual memory store (visuospatial sketchpad)

A temporary image (20–30 seconds) that stores information about the location and nature of objects

Verbal memory store (phonological loop)

Involves storage of verbal items (equates to STM). It has limited capacity.

42
Q

Working memory is thought to be directed by the

A

prefrontal cortex

43
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory that is expressed in behaviour but does not require conscious recollection (e.g., driving a car)

44
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory that is expressed through conscious recollection (e.g., remembering telephone numbers)

Involves the conscious retrieval of information

45
Q

Neuropsychology of long-term memory

A

The medial temporal region (esp. hippocampus) plays a key role in consolidation of explicit declarative information.

Frontal lobes more important in working, procedural, and aspects of episodic memory.

Posterior regions of the cortex are involved in memory by creating mental representations.

Amygdala is important in emotional memory - PTSD

46
Q

Levels of processing long-term memory

A

The storage of information in LTM requires that it be cast into a representational form (encoded)
The type and level of encoding influences the accessibility of information
Levels of processing
Shallow processing: focus on the physical characteristics of the stimulus
Deep processing: focus on the meaning of the stimulus

47
Q

Theories of forgetting

A

Decay theory: memory is like a fading neural trace that is weakened with disuse

Interference theory: conflict between new and old memories
Proactive: old interferes with new
Retroactive: new interferes with old

Motivated forgetting implies that forgetting can avoid painful memories.

Repressed memories

1001PSY (4 decks)

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